Method and apparatus directed to processing trick play video data to compensate for intentionally omitted data

ABSTRACT

Digital video tape recorder apparatus that generates commands to instruct a television receiver to perform special processing, e.g., processing designed to enhance image quality, on video data received from the digital video tape recorder during trick play operation is disclosed. The commands from the video tape recorder inform the television receiver that the video tape recorder is operating in trick play mode and that video processing not performed on normal play video data output by the video tape recorder during normal play operation should be performed on the trick play video data which is output during trick play operation. The video data output during trick play operation is a subset of the normal play video data. The video processing commands output during trick play operation instruct a receiver to perform video processing intended to compensate for normal play data intentionally omitted by the video tape recorder from the trick play video data because of, e.g., data limitations resulting from the limited amount of data that can be accurately read from a tape during trick play operation. Method of generating the video processing commands which are output to a receiver during trick play video tape recorder operation are also disclosed.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. Patent Application Ser. No.08/003,889 filed Jan. 13, 1993, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,377,051.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to video tape recorders ("VTRs"), and moreparticularly, to VTRs which are capable of generating commands toindicate to a receiver, e.g., VTR trick play operation, and/or toinstruct a receiver to, e.g., perform specific video processingoperations on the video data output by the VTR of the present invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A VTR can receive and store images (and sounds) received as signals fromvarious sources, for example, a television tuner, an antenna or a cable.The VTR stores the received signal information, i.e. the data, byrecording the data on a magnetic tape, such as a video cassette tape.The VTR can also reproduce images (and sounds) that are stored on a tapeas data by reading the data on the tape and generating a signal from thedata which can then be provided to a display device such as a televisionmonitor.

To facilitate fast forward, search, and reverse capabilities, VTRsnormally provide a limited number of playback speeds in both forward andreverse direction in addition to the VTR's standard playback speed whichis used during normal playback operation.

VTR systems for recording and reproducing analog video signals are wellknown in the art. Such systems commonly use rotary head, helical scanrecording methods to record data on a tape. In such systems,record/playback heads are mounted on a rotary head cylinder. The rotaryhead cylinder is inclined relative to the lengthwise portion of amagnetic tape which surrounds the rotary head cylinder for approximately180°.

During normal operation of such video recording devices, the tape movesin a lengthwise direction while the record/playback heads rotate alongwith the inclined rotary head cylinder in a circular direction. As therecord/playback heads rotate with the head cylinder they contact themoving tape in a manner which permits the recording or reading of datafrom the tape along evenly spaced tracks located diagonally relative tothe length of the tape. A servo mechanism is used to control headpositioning relative to the tape's position to insure that the headscontact the tape along the diagonals which form each track of data.

FIG. 1 (a) is a top view of a conventional two head video recordingsystem. As illustrated in FIG. 1 (a), first and second record/playbackheads HA 2 and HB 3 are mounted opposite each other on a rotary headcylinder 4. To reduce crosstalk between adjacent tracks written by headsHA 2 and HB 3, the heads are of mutually different azimuth angles.

A tape 1 surrounds the rotary head cylinder 4 for approximately 180°.The tape moves relative to the rotary head cylinder as indicated byV_(T). Similarly, the rotary drum, and thus the record playback heads HA2 and HB 3, rotates as indicated by V_(H). As the rotary head cylinder 4rotates, the tape moves in a lengthwise direction as illustrated in FIG.1 (a). The rotating record/playback heads HA 2, HB 3 contact the tape ina manner which permits reading or writing, i.e. scanning, of data alongdiagonal tracks as illustrated in FIG. 1 (b).

In the two head system of FIG. 1 (a), a single head, either HA 2 or HB3, contacts the tape 1 during each 180° period of head cylinderrotation. During this period of tape contact, during standard operation,each head reads or writes one normal play track of data. Each trackcomprises a plurality of tape segments. Each tape segment may containone or more blocks of data. The data on the tape forms a series ofparallel tracks as illustrated in FIG. 1 (b). The gaps between thetracks are shown only for the purpose of clarity. Accordingly, there arenormally no actual gaps between tracks recorded on a tape. The slope ofthe tracks depends on the speed of the tape when the tracks arerecorded. References to data tracks or normal play data tracks arehereinafter to data tracks written with a slope corresponding to theslope of data tracks written during standard record mode, i.e., datatracks written when the tape is moving at a standard speed for normalplay operations.

In order to aid in the differentiation between tracks, data in eachindividual track is written at a mutually different azimuth from thepreceding track. This results in a series of data tracks containing datawritten at alternating azimuths which correspond to the mutuallydifferent azimuths of the first and second heads HA 2, HB 3. The slantedlines within each data track of FIG. 1b are used to indicate the azimuthat which the data in each track was written.

The heads HA 2 and HB 3 can only read data written at an azimuthcorresponding to the head's own particular azimuth. Thus, HA 2 and HB 3are limited to reading data from tracks containing data written at thesame azimuth as the particular head HA 2 or HB 3 with neither head beingable to read the data contained in the tracks written by the other headsince the data is positioned at an azimuth corresponding to the otherhead's azimuth.

Data tracks are normally written on the tape along diagonals whichcorrespond to the diagonals traced by the heads across the width of thetape during normal, i.e., standard record/playback mode. During modes ofoperation such as playback during reverse or fast forward, referred toas trick play modes, the tape velocity is different than the tapevelocity during standard record/playback mode. In trick play modes thetape speed is a function of the selected fast forward or reverse speed.

Because the tape moves relative to the record/playback heads at a speedother than the standard tape speed during trick play mode, the headswill trace over the tape along a diagonal path different than the pathtraced during the standard record/playback mode. In fast forward mode,the heads will trace over the tracks created during standardrecord/playback mode at a shallower angle than the angle of the datatracks. In reverse mode, the heads will trace across the tracks recordedduring standard mode at an angle opposing the angle of the tracksrecorded during standard record/playback mode. Accordingly, during VTRoperation in trick play mode, the VTR's heads may cross over severaldifferent tracks of data during each pass across the width of the tape,e.g., during each 180° period of head cylinder rotation, with the angleat which the tracks are crossed being a function of tape speed.

FIG. 1 (c) illustrates the paths traced out by the record/playback headsHA 2, HB 3 across the magnetic tape 1 during trick play mode operationat three times (3×) the standard playback tape speed (hereinafterreferred to as 3× playback operation). In FIG. 1c reference numerals 1-Athrough 12-B are used to indicate tracks on the magnetic tape 1. Oddnumbered tracks 1-A through 11-A contain data written at an azimuthcorresponding to the azimuth of head HA 2 while even numbered tracks 2-Bthrough 12-B contain data written at an azimuth corresponding to theazimuth of head HB 3.

During 3× playback operation, heads HA 2, HB 3 trace across the trackson the tape 1 at a shallower angle than during standard playbackoperation. As illustrated in FIG. 1 (c), head HA 2 traces across paths13 and 15 while head HB 3 traces across paths 14 and 16. As describedabove, each head can only read data written at an azimuth correspondingto the head's own azimuth. Thus, during 3× playback operation, head HA 2can only read the portions of data which the head passes over in the oddnumbered tracks, i.e. the areas of the odd numbered tracks indicated bythe letters a, b, e and f. Similarly, during 3× playback operation, headHB 3 can only read the portions of data which it passes over in the evennumbered tracks, i.e. the areas of the even numbered tracks indicated bythe letters c, d, g, and h.

As FIG. 1 (c) shows, during fast forward playback and other trick playmodes of operation where the tape moves at a speed faster than thestandard tape speed, it will not be possible for a two head video taperecorder to read all the data contained in each track because there willbe areas of track that the heads do not pass over at all. The amount oftrack that is covered by the heads when the tape speed exceeds thestandard tape speed is only a fraction of the total track area with thetrack area covered being directly proportional to the ratio of thestandard tape speed to the actual tape speed. For example, in a two headVTR system, during 3× playback operation, the heads will pass overapproximately 1/3 of the tape area comprising the recorded tracks whichare used during standard playback operation. At 9× playback, the headswill pass over approximately 1/9 of the tape area comprising therecorded tracks.

Furthermore, as discussed above, during trick play mode in a two headVTR, the heads pass over track areas where they can not read therecorded data because it was recorded by a head having a differentazimuth from the azimuth of the head passing over the track during trickplay mode. As illustrated in FIG. 1c, single heads can read onlyapproximately fifty percent of the data which they pass over duringtrick play mode, thus greatly reducing the amount of data that can beread during trick play modes.

To increase the amount of data that can be read during trick play modesadditional record/playback heads may be used. There are two approachesfor using additional record/playback heads to increase the amount ofdata that is read during trick play mode. The first approach is to usepairs of co-located heads. The second approach is to add additionalpairs of non-collocated heads to the rotary head cylinder, each head ina pair of non-collocated heads being mounted 180° from the other head inthe pair. These two approaches may be used independently to increase theamount of data that can be read during trick play mode. Alternatively,they can be combined to provide for maximum data recovery.

The first approach which may be used to permit the reading of virtuallyall data in tracks passed over by a head during trick play mode requiresthat single heads be replace with co-located heads, i.e. pairs of headsarranged at mutually different azimuths, in such a manner that eachtrack area passed over by the heads is passed over by at least one headof each possible azimuth. Because of the physical proximity of each headin a pair of co-located heads, both heads pass over the same data on thetape. Thus, by using pairs of co-located heads it is possible to readall data passed over by the co-located heads with each head in the pairreading data from each alternating track which has data written at thesame azimuth as the head doing the read operation.

Since this approach requires the use of pairs of heads as opposed tosingle read/write heads, this doubles the number of heads required toimplement a VTR using co-located heads as opposed to individual heads.For example, instead of having a two head VTR system with two headsspaced 180° apart, a similar VTR with co-located heads would comprise 2pairs of co-located heads spaced 180° apart resulting in a four head VTRsystem.

FIG. 2 (a) illustrates a four head VTR system comprising two pairs ofco-located heads. As illustrated, a first and second pair of co-locatedheads HA-HB 20, 30 are mounted 180° apart on a rotary head cylinder 25.The magnetic tape 1 wraps around the rotary head cylinder 25 forapproximately 180° contacting one pair of the co-located heads HA-HB 20,30 at any given time.

FIG. 2 (b) illustrates the paths traced out by the pairs of co-locatedheads HA-HB 20, 30 across the tape 1 during 3× playback operation. InFIG. 2 (b), as in FIG. 1 (c), reference numerals 1-A through 12-B areused to indicate tracks on tape 1. Odd numbered tracks 1-A through 11-Acontain data written at an azimuth corresponding to the azimuth of headHA while even numbered tracks 2-B through 12-B contain data written atan azimuth corresponding to the azimuth of head HB.

During 3× playback operation, the first pair of co-located heads HA-HB20 traces across paths 33 and 35 while the second pair of co-locatedheads HA-HB traces across paths 34 and 36. Because co-located heads areused instead of individual heads, the data which is passed over byeither pair of co-located heads can be read by one of the heads in thepair regardless of the azimuth at which the data is written. Forexample, head HA of the first pair of co-located heads HA-HB 20 readsthe data in track portions a, b, e, and f of FIG. 2 while head HB of thefirst pair of co-located heads HA-HB 20 reads the data in track portionsi and k. Similarly, head HA of the second pair of co-located heads HA-HB30 reads the data in track portions j and l while head HB of the secondpair of co-located heads HA-HB 30 reads the data in track portions c, d,g, and h. Thus, by using pairs of co-located heads virtually all thedata in paths 33, 34, 35, and 36 which are traced by the heads duringtrick play mode operation can be read.

The second approach to increase the amount of data that is read duringtrick play mode also requires the use of additional heads beyond the twoheads used in a basic VTR system. In accordance with this secondapproach N heads, where N>1, may be arranged so that the N heads areequally distributed over the range of the rotary head cylinder used toread/write a track of data, i.e. a 180° portion of the rotary cylinderhead. Accordingly, the total number of heads in such a system is 2Nsince there are N heads on each 180° portion of the rotary headcylinder.

In such a system, there are N heads in contact with the tape at anygiven time. During standard playback operation, N-1 heads provideredundant information which can be used for error checking or otherpurposes. However, during trick play modes where the tape moves at aspeed faster than the standard speed, each of the N heads will pass overa different portion of the tracks and read some data not read by theother heads. When the tape moves at N times the standard speed, duringN× playback operation for example, each one of the N heads will passover a different 1/N^(th) of a track written on the magnetic tape sothat at least one of the N heads will pass over each section of thetrack. Thus, by using additional heads in this manner, additional datamay be read during trick play operation.

Referring now to FIG. 3 (a) there is illustrated an 8 head VTR systemhaving four heads distributed evenly over each 180° portion of a rotaryhead cylinder 40. Thus, in the illustrated system N=4. As illustrated inFIG. 3a, in a system where N=4, there are four heads in contact with thetape 1 at any given time.

When the system of FIG. 3 (a) is operated in 4× playback operation thetape 1 moves at 4 times the standard tape speed. In such a case, duringeach pass, at least one of four heads will trace over each 1/4 sectionof a track. Thus, as illustrated in FIG. 3 (b), the heads of the 8 headVTR of FIG. 3 (a) will trace over all sections of the tape's tracks asthe heads trace over one track after another during 4× playbackoperation.

Thus, if each head in the VTR system of FIG. 3 (a) could read all of thedata over which it passes, all the data on the tape could be read during4× playback operation. However, as described above in regard to two headVTR systems, data in alternating tracks in a VTR system using helicalscanning methods are written on the tape by heads with differentazimuths. Accordingly, each one of the N heads in a system, having Nheads on each 180° portion of a rotary head cylinder such as the systemof FIG. 3 (a), will only be able to read data in tracks written using ahead having the same azimuth as the head attempting to read the data.Thus, while all portions of the tracks will be traced over by one of theN heads while operating in N× trick play mode, not all the data, i.e.only about 1/2 of the data, will be read because each head will only beable to read data from every other track written at a standard speed dueto the fact that the data in alternating tracks were written by headshaving different azimuths.

In order to read all the data passed over by the individual heads, pairsof co-located heads can be substituted for each of the N individualheads on each 180° portion of a rotary head cylinder. The use of N pairsof co-located heads equally spaced from each other on each 180° portionof a rotary head cylinder provides a VTR system capable of readingalmost all of the data during N× playback operation. Such a systemgenerally requires 4N heads to implement. Thus, for example, in order toread virtually all the data from tracks during 4× playback speedrequires a sixteen head VCR.

While known VTRs are primarily directed to recording of analog signals,current advances in technology enable images to be encoded and decodedin digital form and transmitted as a digital data stream. Accordingly,VTRs must be able to store and retrieve images that can be representedin digital form.

The digital representation of images, especially moving images withaccompanying sound, requires a high digital data rate. Thus, digitaltelevision signals require a high data rate. High Definition Television("HDTV") which include systems capable of displaying higher resolutionimages with greater clarity than are possible with the current NationalTelevision System Committee (NTSC) standard, will require an even higherdigital data rate to represent video images than is required todigitally represent images of a similar quality to those transmitted inaccordance with the current NTSC standard.

In order to provide the high data rate needed to support HDTV recordingand playback, VTRs capable of recording two data channels per track maybe used. Referring now to FIG. 4 (a), there is illustrated a 2 channel,4 head VTR system. As illustrated, a 2 channel VTR uses a pair of headsto write to or read from each track of data. Each pair of heads HA₁-HB₁, HA₂ -HB₂, in a 2 channel VTR comprises two heads HA, HB ofmutually different azimuths mounted on a rotary head cylinder 4 in sucha manner that the heads in each pair of heads are capable ofsimultaneously writing to, or reading from, the two channels of a trackon the tape 1. Thus, in such a system, the data rate that the VTR cansupport is nearly double the data rate a single channel VTR can support.As illustrated in FIG. 4 (b), the tracks, T1 through T6, written by a 2channel VTR each comprise a first and second data channel, channel A andchannel B, respectively.

Compression and decompression techniques may be used to reduce theamount of digital data needed to represent images and sound.Accordingly, such techniques are important in reducing the amount ofdigital data which must be transmitted for television signals and theamount of data which must be recorded by VTRs. However, even with suchdata compression, HDTV will still require large amounts of digital datato be transmitted at high data rates to achieve HDTV picture and soundquality. For example, one proposed HDTV system requires 24 million bitsper second of digital data to be transmitted to achieve HDTV picture andsound quality.

The International Standards Organization has set a standard forcompression which includes the use of motion compensation principles.The standard is referred to as the ISO-MPEG (International StandardsOrganization--Moving Picture Experts Group) standard. MPEG compressionuses an adaptive motion-compensated Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) thatperceptually optimizes picture encoding on a block-by-block basis. TheMPEG motion compression technique has both unidirectional andbidirectional prediction capabilities (both forward and backward intime) to accurately predict frames. This allows more bytes to be usedfor picture detail.

In accordance with the MPEG standard, analog video signals aredigitized, matrixed and filtered to produce an internal format used forthe compression process. The compression process performs compressionusing the MPEG compression algorithm.

In summary, the MPEG compression operations that are implemented in thecompression process include motion compensated predictive coding andadaptive Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) quantization. MPEG utilizesdata structures known as frames. A frame contains picture informationand defines one complete video picture. For example, a frame of videocan consist of an array of luminance pixels (Y) and two arrays ofchrominance pixels (Cr, Cb).

According to the MPEG compression algorithm, frames are classified intoone of three types: intracoded-frames (I-frames), predictively codedframes (P-frames) and bidirectionally coded frames (B-frames). I-framesuse purely spatial compression, and are processed independently of otherframes. Thus, I-frames are processed entirely by intra-frame operations.A complete picture can be generated from an I-frame alone.

P-frames are coded using the previous I- or P-frames. The compression ofP-frames relies on temporal prediction from previous I- or P-frames.Only forward motion estimation/compensation is used in the temporalprediction. While P-frames may contain some intra-coded data, a completepicture, of the same quality as a picture which can be generated from anI-frame, cannot be generated from a P-frame alone because of the use offorward motion estimation/compensation in a P-frame.

B-frames are coded by a bidirectional motion compensated predictiveencoder using the two adjacent I- or P-frames. B-frames are temporallypredicted from two adjacent anchor frames. Both I- frames and P-framesserve as anchor (or reference frames) to the motion compensation ofother frames. The B-frame temporal prediction uses motion compensationin forward and/or backward directions. B-frames are never used topredict other frames. Because of the dependence of B-frames on the twoadjacent anchor frames, B-frames alone do not contain sufficient datafrom which to generate a recognizable picture.

The above three types of frames differ in their use of motionestimation. Motion estimation refers to the process of computing thespatial displacement of blocks of pixels due to motion. The resultantmotion vectors are used in motion-compensated predictive coding. MPEGuses both forward motion estimation (in which the estimation is of thefuture referenced to the past), and backward motion estimation (in whichthe estimation is of the past referenced to the future). Forward andbackward motion estimation are also combined to produce bidirectionalmotion estimation.

In accordance with the MPEG proposal, frames are arranged in orderedgroups. A typical group is a series of frames containing, e.g., in theorder of their being displayed, one I-frame, two B-frames, a P-frame,two B-frames, a P-frame and then two B-frames. FIG. 5 illustrates atypical Group of Pictures in the order they are displayed and thetemporal prediction relationship between the various frames whichcomprise the group.

A group of pictures is intended to assist random access into thesequence. In the stored bit stream, the first coded frame in the groupis normally an I-frame.

In accordance with the MPEG proposal, after the analog video signals aredigitized, the digital data is organized into macroblocks. A macroblockis the unit of motion compensation and adaptive quantization. A numberof macroblocks comprise a frame. Each macroblock defines a predeterminedspatial region in a picture, and contains luminance and chrominanceinformation.

The MPEG proposal provides for the arrangement of macroblocks intoslices. A slice is an integer number of consecutive macroblocks from araster of macroblocks. A slice represents the boundary within whichdifferential coding of macroblock parameters, e.g. DC coefficients of aDCT, and motion vectors, is performed. Each slice has its own headerinformation and can be independent of other slices. Each slice containsat least one macroblock. Slices do not overlap and there are no gapsbetween slices. The position of slices may change from picture topicture. The first slice starts with the first macroblock in the pictureand the last slice ends with the last macroblock in the picture. Thefirst macroblock in a slice has its macroblock parameters, e.g. DCcoefficients of a DCT (if intra-coded) and motion vectors,differentially coded from a constant value. Each subsequent macroblockin a slice has its macroblock parameters measured as an offset from theprevious macroblock in the slice. Accordingly, the size of the slice isthe minimum size for which a piece of data can be recovered andcorrectly decoded. If part of a slice is lost, it may not be possible todecode the differences in motion vectors and DC coefficients containedin the remaining part of the slice.

FIG. 6 illustrates a macroblock in accordance with the MPEG proposalwhich may be used, e.g. for HDTV signals. As illustrated in FIG. 6, amacroblock comprises four 8×8luminance blocks (Y0, Y1, Y2, Y3) and two8×8 color difference blocks (Cr and Cb). The four luminance blocks (Y0,Y1, Y2, Y3) and two color difference (Cr, Cb) blocks, which form asingle macroblock are used to encode a 16×16 picture element arraycovering the same spatial region in a picture. As described above, amacroblock serves as the unit of motion compensation and adaptivequantization.

In accordance with the MPEG proposal, motion-compensated predictivecoding is carried out by calculating motion vectors for every macroblockin a P-frame or B-frame. MPEG compression encodes motion vectors on amacroblock basis, but does not specify the technique for computing them.Thus, a variety of different motion estimation techniques can beimplemented consistent with the MPEG standard. One technique, forexample, is to compute motion vectors from the frame-to-framecorrelation of blocks of pixels in the luminance signal, resulting in amotion vector for the luminance component of the macroblock.

The best mode for encoding each macroblock is selected. Within a givenpicture, each macroblock is coded in one of several different modes. Theintraframe coding mode refers to macroblock coding in which only spatialinformation is used. Conversely, the interframe coding modes (forwardmotion, backward motion and bi-directional motion) refer to macroblockcoding in which information from frames other than the current frame isused in the coding, typically for temporal prediction inmotion-compensated predictive coding. For I-frame macroblocks, onlyintraframe coding mode is available.

P-frame macroblocks are first checked to determine if interframe codingwithout motion compensation is appropriate. This decision is made bycomputing the luminance energy of a forward prediction residual for themacroblock that results from an interframe coding without motioncompensation, and comparing it to a threshold value. If the residualenergy is below the threshold, then the macroblock will be coded usinginterframe coding without motion compensation. Otherwise, the residualmacroblock from interframe coding with forward motion compensation willbe derived and used in the final step of the coding mode selection.

B-frame macroblocks are similarly processed to determine whetherinterframe coding is appropriate. Since B-frames may be bidirectionallycoded, interframe coding can be either forward or backward, based on thepreceding and following anchor (i.e., I- or P-) frames. It may also bebased on the average of those macroblocks from the preceding and thefollowing anchor frames. In interframe coding using motion compensation,there are three possible modes: forward, backward, and bidirectional.The choice of coding mode for B-frame macroblocks is also determined onthe basis of luminance prediction residual energy.

The final step in the coding mode selection for both P-and B-framemacroblocks is to choose between interframe coding and intraframecoding. Generally, P-frames and B-frames are encoded using interframeencoding. This selection is made by comparing the luminance energy ofthe original macroblock to the energy of the luminance interframe (withor without motion compensation) prediction residual macroblock. If theoriginal macroblock has less energy than the prediction residualmacroblock, the intraframe coding mode is selected.

After the motion vectors have been calculated, each macroblock istransform encoded. In summary, the macroblocks are transformed frompixel domain to the DCT coefficient domain. The picture information ineach frame (i.e., pixel values for I-frames, and residual error afterprediction for B and P-frames) is transformed using the DCT and thenadaptively quantized. For the purpose of performing the DCT, a framepicture is divided, for example, into blocks of values (i.e., arrays ofDCT coefficients). Each quantized DCT coefficient along with otherMPEG-specific data is variable length encoded by the video encodermodule to form MPEG codewords.

The DCT process generates blocks of DCT coefficients in a zigzag scannedformat (i.e., the low-frequency coefficients are followed by the higherfrequency coefficients). This zigzag scan arrangement facilitates thesubsequent run-length coding process. The DCT coefficient for which thefrequency is zero in both dimensions is called the DC coefficient.

Next, adaptive quantization is performed on each block of DCTcoefficients. After adaptive quantization has been applied to the DCTcoefficients, the coefficients undergo further compression involvingsuch known techniques as differential coding, run-length coding andvariable length coding. As a result, the video compression encodermodule produces encoded data, in the form of variable length codewords,and information concerning the number of header and coded data bits permacroblock. The header provides, inter alia, a mechanism for dynamicspecification of the picture size, in terms of pixels per line and apixel aspect ratio. The video compression encoder module also outputsinformation that states which frame the encoded data represents andwhich macroblock and slice the encoded data represents.

The codewords are then further encoded by, for example, a transportencoder, to provide reliable delivery of the variable length encodedcompressed video.

The MPEG compression standard also produces D-pictures, also referred toas D-frames. A D-picture is coded using only intraframe encoding. Of theDCT coefficients in the coded representation of a D-picture, only theDC-coefficients are present. Thus, D-pictures comprise the DCcoefficient of each DCT block in the frame. D-pictures are not used insequences containing frame types, such as I-, P-, or B-frames.

D-pictures are thus stored separately from the normal MPEG bitstream andmust appear in a separate picture sequence that cannot contain any othertype of picture. Furthermore, D-pictures must be encoded and transmittedseparately. They must also be decoded using a separate algorithm fromthe algorithm used to decode the other frames, i.e. the I, P & B-frames.Thus, D-pictures cannot be decoded in conjunction with other MPEG datasuch as I-frames.

A proposed standard for HDTV using motion compensation compressiontechniques is the Advanced Digital Television ("AD HDTV") systemdeveloped by the Advanced Television Research Consortium. The proposedAD HDTV system is described in the Advanced Television ResearchConsortium's "Advanced Digital Television, System Description" of Jan.20, 1992 and in the Advanced Television Research Consortium's "AdvancedDigital Television, Prototype Hardware Description" of Feb. 12, 1992which are both herein expressly incorporated by reference. The proposedAD HDTV system uses a modified data compression technique based on theISO-MPEG standard, called MPEG++.

MPEG++ compression uses a two-pass encoding system that has the functionof adaptively segregating video data produced by the compressionprocessor into a subjectively important high priority ("HP") bit streamand a less important standard priority ("SP") bit stream. The highpriority bit stream provides data sufficient to produce a viewablepicture and the additional standard priority bit stream provides theadditional data need to produce full HDTV quality video.

Separation into high and standard-priority data streams is carried outusing an adaptive prioritization algorithm which takes into account,inter alia, the MPEG frame type (i.e., I, B or P), and the relativeoccupancies of HP and SP rate buffers at the output of the MPEG++encoding system. Highest priority is given to the MPEG headers thatindicate the start of video data blocks (e.g., slices and macroblocks),which are needed to initiate the decoding of received video data.I-frame data and P-frame motion vectors are also given relatively highpriority, while most B-frame data is transmitted with standard priority.The adaptive prioritization algorithm outputs the data stream ofcodewords and a signal representing the priority level for each codewordstream.

The AD HDTV system uses a Prioritized Data Transport (PDT) format toprovide reliable delivery of variable length encoded compressed videodata. The PDT format supports flexible multiplexing of video, audio anddata services without requiring preselection of operating bit-rates. TheAD HDTV system accordingly formats all data into a sequence of fixedlength packets, each with appropriate headers for identification anderror recovery. These packets are called transport cells.

The data stream of codewords and the priority level for each code word,i.e. HP or SP, is received and the transport cells are filled with thedata as appropriate to its priority. Each transport cell is tagged withan Adaption Header which includes information necessary to restart videodecoding if synchronization is lost prior to the current transport cell.This information might include macroblock number, block position withinthe macroblock, frame number, field or frame coding, quantization level,priority of the data, and a pointer to a data boundary within the cell.Cells at different priority levels, i.e. HP or SP, may have differentheader information as appropriate to decode data of the given prioritylevel.

As described above, the proposed priority encoder of the AD HDTV systemseparates a single encoded video codeword stream from the compressionprocessor into two data streams corresponding to two priority levels:the high priority (HP) and the standard priority (SP) data streams. Thegoal of the priority encoder is to produce a HP codeword stream thatrepresents a viewable picture. This HP codeword stream can betransmitted at a higher power and in a separate frequency range toincrease the area of reception for at least the basic video picture.

The proposed AD HDTV system allows different approaches and criteria tobe employed in the construction of the HP and SP codeword streams. Anallocation process takes place once at the beginning of every frame todetermine the fraction of data for that frame that should be transmittedon the high priority channel. This decision is based on the type offrame being transmitted (I-, P- or B-frame), the number of bitsgenerated for that frame (available from the compression processor) andthe state of HP and SP buffers. In general, I-frame information tends tobe the most important, and is generally transmitted on the high prioritychannel. There are two reasons for this. First, the effect oftransmission error on I-frame data lasts longer than that on a P- or aB-frame because it is the basis of prediction for both P- and B-frames.Second, since there is no temporal prediction for I-frames, errors onDCT coefficients may result in complete loss of picture information fora macroblock.

P- and B-frames, on the other hand, can rely on partial motioninformation to produce reasonable images, even in the event of completeloss of the DCT coefficients due to transmissions errors. Hence, thegeneral objective is to transmit as large a fraction of the I-frame dataas possible on the high priority channel. For P-frames, most if not allmotion vector data, and possibly some DCT coefficients are transmittedon the HP channel. More DCT coefficients are transmitted on the HPchannel if additional capacity is available. It is important to at leasttransmit motion information for these frames on the HP channel since theeffect of losses tends to propagate until the next I-frame. Finally,B-frames are considered the least important because they are not usedfor prediction purposes. Therefore, B-frame errors are constrained to asingle frame and do not propagate to other frames. In general, theamount of B-frame data that are transmitted on the high priority channelis the smallest among the three types of frames.

While the AD HDTV priority assignment process does not specify exactlywhat must appear in the HP data stream, the AD HDTV proposal providesgeneral guidelines of priority assignments that can be used for eachframe type. The AD HDTV proposal states that for all frame types, thethree most important types of information are frame headers, sliceheaders and macroblock information (addresses, types andquantitization). For I-frames, next in priority are (in order) DC DCTcoefficients, low frequency DCT coefficients and finally high frequencyDCT coefficients. For B- and P-frames, next in priority are (in order)motion vectors, DC DCT coefficients, low frequency DCT coefficients andfinally high frequency DCT coefficients. As stated above, the codewordsare prioritized into DCT coefficients of increasingly higher spatialfrequency.

In the proposed AD HDTV system, the HP data rate is one fourth the SPdata rate. Accordingly, the ratio of HP to SP data is 1:4.

FIG. 7 illustrates the structure of a transport cell in accordance withthe AD HDTV system proposal. Each cell contains an error correctionlayer and a prioritized data transport (PDT) format layer. Asillustrated in FIG. 7, there are three sublayers within the PDT formatlayer. They are a data link layer, an MPEG++ adaption layer and theservice data layer. The data link layer comprises a service type bytewhich carries the priority level indicator (HP or SP) and a frame checksequence for error detection. Accordingly, the service type byte allowsimmediate identification of a transport cell to be either high orstandard priority. The service type byte also identifies the data typefor video, audio, and auxiliary data and contains a 4-bit continuitycounter (CC) component. This counter increments by one for each celltransmitted. The continuity counter allows the receiver buffers todetect cell discontinuity (due to uncorrectable cell errors) for aparticular transport service.

The MPEG++ adaption layer allows a decoder to synchronize to variablelength codes within the MPEG compressed video service. The first usableentry-point in each cell is identified and stored in an AdaptationHeader (AH) of the MPEG++ adaption layer. For high priority data, the AHcontains slice entry point information (i.e., a pointer to the first bitof the entry point of the slice in the transport data), frame typeinformation, the frame number and the slice numbers within frame. Forlow priority data, the AH contains a pointer to the start of amacroblock, frame type information, the frame number and the macroblocknumber within the frame.

The video service layer of each transport cell contains transport datawhich may include video, audio and/or control data. The transport dataincludes video-specific parameters that can be used forresynchronization after a long burst of errors. A record header (RH)appears at the beginning of each slice, and is sent in the high prioritytransport cells only. Any number of record headers may appear in a cell,but only the first is used as an entry-point in the AH. The entry-pointfeature in the AH for a HP cell, as stated above, contains informationregarding the location of the start of data block (which is always aRH), as well as other information such as the frame type and slicenumber. The RH can include a priority breakpoint (specifying the breakbetween HP and SP information), a vertical position, a quantizationscale factor, and a record header extension.

To summarize, in accordance with the AD HDTV system proposal, each HPcell contains data arranged in slices. Each SP cell contains dataarranged in macroblocks. Entry points allow these data blocks to besegmented across cell boundaries. However, the AH information onlycontains one pointer to the start of the macroblock or slice. There may,however, be more than one macroblock or slice starting in each cell.Thus, at least one of these blocks will not have an entry point recordedin the AH. Alternatively, a macroblock or slice may take up many cells,and thus there is not an entry point for the block in subsequent cells.In the event of a cell loss, the entry point information can be used forthe rapid resynchronization of the transport data. In the event of anerror leading to the loss of a cell without an entry point, the receiverwill restart decoding at the next block with an entry point.

Another proposed standard for HDTV is the DigiCipher system (alsoreferred to as the ATVA-Interlaced system) developed by GeneralInstrument Corporation. This proposed system is described in GeneralInstrument Corporation's "DigiCipher HDTV System Description" of Aug.22, 1991 which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference. TheDigiCipher system uses transform encoding as the technique of datacompression.

The DigiCipher™ system does not have complete, temporally coincidentframes of intra-coded data. Rather, intra-frame data updates an image ona regular basis in vertical columns on the screen.

In the DigiCipher system, a pixel is an 8 bit active video sample(luminance or chrominance) while a block is an image area of 8×8 pixels.A superblock is an image area comprising 4 luminance blocks horizontallyby 2 luminance blocks vertically and one associated chrominance blockeach for U and V values derived from that image area. A macroblock is animage area of eleven horizontally arranged superblocks.

The DigiCipher system transforms a block of pixels into a new block oftransform coefficients using the DCT. The transform is applied to eachblock until the entire image has been transformed.

Next the number of bits required to represent the DCT coefficients isreduced. Accordingly, a coefficient quantization process gives weightsto each of the DCT coefficients. Each coefficient is divided by itsweighing factor. Then a quantization factor is determined based on scenecomplexity and perceptual characteristics, and additional scaling takesplace by dividing the weighted coefficients by the quantization factor.

The quantization method of the DigiCipher method, however, is notapplied to the DC coefficient. The most significant bits of the DCcoefficient are always selected, independent of the quantization level.

Next a statistical coding technique, such as a Huffman coding, is usedthat does not degrade the image. The DCT coefficients are serializedinto a sequence and amplitude/run length coded. A codeword is assignedindicating the amplitude of the coefficient and the number of zerospreceding it (runlength).

In addition, the DC coefficient is Huffman coded after it isdifferentially coded within a superblock. The efficiency of this codingprocess is heavily dependent on the order in which the coefficients arescanned. By scanning from high amplitude to low amplitude, it ispossible to reduce the number of runs of zero coefficients typically toa single long run at the end of the block. The coefficients are zigzagscanned going down first from the DC coefficient.

There is a limit to the amount of compression possible by spatialprocessing alone. An interframe coder, however, can benefit fromtemporal correlation as well as spatial correlation. A very high degreeof temporal correlation exists whenever there is little movement fromone frame to the next.

In the DigiCipher system, the signal is compressed by first predictinghow the next frame will appear and then sending the difference betweenthe prediction and the actual image. A reasonable predictor is theprevious frame. This sort of temporal differential encoding will performvery well if little movement occurs or if there is little spatialdetail. At other times, it will be less effective and occasionally worsethan if the next frame had simply been encoded without prediction.

Instead of transform coding an image directly, an estimate of the imageis first generated using motion compensation. The difference betweenthis estimate and the actual image is then transform coded and thetransform coefficients are then normalized and statistically coded asbefore. The second of the two frames from which the motion estimates arederived is always the previous frame as it appears after reconstructionby the decoder.

Differential processing in general causes a basic problem for thedecoder. When a decoder is tuned to a new channel, it has no "previousframe" information. Acquisition would be delayed until at least onepulse code modulation ("PCM") version of every block is received, whichresults in an unbounded acquisition time.

Thus, in the DigiCipher system, during each 0.37 second interval, allblocks are processed once in PCM form on a distributed basis. Thistechnique results in a 0.37 second differential pulse code modulation("DPCM") based acquisition time component, but spreads the resultingincrease in channel bits uniformly over time.

The 0.37 second parameter would imply a forced PCM block once every 11frames, and there is a necessary but non-trivial reduction in theoverall compression efficiency. The 0.37 second parameter can be variedto trade off acquisition time versus efficiency.

Thus, the DigiCipher system has very little tolerance for errors ormissing information in the data stream. The DigiCipher system willrepeat a macroblock from the previous frame when an error is detected.Errors are detected by checking whether all the compressed data is usedwhen a macroblock processing is finished. Because of the variable lengthencoding of data, resynchronization must take place after an erroroccurs. There is no place for resynchronization, however, except at thestart of the next frame using a next frame pointer.

The above-described systems do not specify the data formats andcompression techniques to make the systems suitable for VTRapplications. Requirements peculiar to VTRs include the need for theability to record for normal speed playback as well as fast forwardplayback at a variety of speeds, reverse playback at "normal" speed andother speeds, slow motion playback and freeze-frame viewing. A VTR mustbe able to receive data and arrange it so that it can be stored on atape in a suitable format to allow playback at different speeds and indifferent modes.

The playback of recorded compressed digital video data is difficult atspeeds faster than the normal forward speed and in reverse direction.The reason is that digital compression systems, such as those systemsdescribed above (i.e., the AD HDTV system and the DigiCipher system)produce very compact non-redundant descriptions of images. Consequently,the delivery of only a portion of the compressed data (such as occurs athigher than normal playback speeds) results in a playback data streamthat is largely incomprehensible to a video decoder.

The use of the MPEG standard for supporting fast play modes in a VTR hasbeen suggested by a report titled "Coding of Moving Pictures andAssociated Audio for Digital Storage Media at up to about 1.5 Mbit/s",ISO 2-11172 rev 1, Jun. 10, 1992, hereinafter "the MPEG report", whichis hereby expressly incorporated by reference. In the MPEG report, atpp. D-52 to D-54, it is suggested that MPEG D-frames and I-frames, bothof which contain only intra-coded material, can be used to support fastforward play.

As described above, MPEG D-frames, which are an extension of the normalMPEG data stream, contain only the DC coefficients of a DCT transform.Therefore, D-frames contain only information encoded using intra-frameprocessing. In MPEG, D frames are completely independent of the normalbitstream of I-, B- and P-frames and thus must be encoded, transmittedand stored separately from the normal data stream. Furthermore, D-framesmust be decoded by a different algorithm which requires the use of aseparate decoder circuit from the decoder circuit used to decode I-, B-,and P-frames.

Such requirements of separate encoding, decoding and storage of D-framesadds to the cost and complexity of a VTR which uses D-frames for fastplay modes of operation. In addition, the picture quality that can bereproduced using intra-coded D-frames alone is relatively poor comparedto pictures which can be reproduced from I-frames, for example.

Further, the MPEG report suggests that the MPEG standard can be used tosupport fast play if I-frames are appropriately spaced in a sequence. Asan example, the MPEG report states that if I-frames were spacedregularly every ten frames, then a decoder might be able to play thesequence at ten times the normal speed by decoding and displaying onlyI-frames.

While suggesting the above use of I-frames for fast play, the MPEGreport recognizes that this concept places considerable burdens on themedia and the decoder. To use I-frames as suggested, the media must becapable of speeding up and delivering ten times the data rate and thedecoder must be capable of accepting this higher data rate and decodingthe I-frames. While the MPEG report recognizes these problems, it failsto teach how to overcome these burdens on the media and decoder so thata VTR can actually be implemented using the suggested approach.

The MPEG report further suggests that the media itself might be used tosomehow sort out the I-frames and transmit them to produce a valid MPEGvideo bitstream during fast play. However, the MPEG report does notsuggest how the media might actually implement such a system.

In addition to the problems encountered during fast play, there areseveral problems associated with reverse play by a VTR which storesinformation in accordance the MPEG standard or other highly compresseddata formats. For a VTR to decode an inter-frame encoded bitstream andplay in reverse, the VTR's decoder must decode each group of pictures inthe forward direction, store the decoded pictures, then display them inreverse order. This places severe storage requirements on the decoderand further complicates the problem of gaining access to the codedbitstream in the correct order. Furthermore, similar problems to theones discussed above in regard to fast play arise if reverse playback isto be performed at different speeds.

Accordingly, there are several problems which need to be addressed whenthe MPEG or similar standards are used for recording video informationon a tape by a VTR.

One known VTR which supports high speed playback receives an analogvideo signal, digitizes the signal, and converts each picture frame inthe signal into main information (for rough formation of the whole imageduring high speed playback) and subinformation (for forming details ofthe image). The main information and subinformation corresponding toeach picture frame are recorded on a single track with each track on atape storing data corresponding to a different picture frame. Each blockof main information, corresponding to a particular frame, is recorded atthe center of the recording track which contains all the datacorresponding to the particular frame. The subinformation correspondingto the particular frame is recorded on regions on both sides of thecenter of the track containing the main information belonging to theparticular frame. During trick play, the main information is used togenerate images which are displayed.

The known VTR does not receive data in a compressed format and, to makeits conversion to main and subinformation, requires that the receivedanalog video signal be digitized and encoded before the data can berecorded on tape. Furthermore, the encoding and one frame per trackrecording processes used support only intra-frame encoding of pictures.Such a system has serious drawbacks where the picture information for anintra-coded frame of video, such as in the case of HDTV, may not be ableto be stored in a single tape track because of the large amount of datainvolved. Furthermore, such a system fails to take advantage or addressthe use of inter-frame coding techniques to reduce the amount of datawhich must be stored for a series of frames.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a digital video recorder compatiblereceiver. In a representative embodiment, the receiver comprises adigital video tape recorder ("VTR") port and a video decoder includingan error concealment circuit. The video decoder receives video datawhich it decodes and outputs to a display device such as a cathode raytube or liquid crystal display device.

The digital VTR port is adapted for coupling the receiver to a VTRcommand and data output of a video tape recorder. The digital VTR portreceives from the VTR video data and VTR commands. The VTR commands mayindicate, e.g., that the VTR is operating in trick play mode or thatparticular trick play error concealment operations are to be performed.The video data can comprise, for example, digital video/audio datapackets. The VTR commands can be received by the receiver via a separatecommand line coupled to the digital VTR port or as part of thevideo/audio data packet stream. Alternatively, the error concealmentcircuit may detect that the VTR is operating in trick play mode bymonitoring the received video data and, e.g., detecting that data forfewer inter-coded frames are being received than would be the caseduring normal VTR playback operation.

The video decoder including the error concealment circuit is coupled tothe digital VTR port. On receiving a VTR command that indicates that theVTR is operating in trick play mode or upon determining from thereceived data that the VTR is operating in trick play mode, the errorconcealment circuit disables normal play error concealment performed onthe video data and enables trick play error concealment. While there maybe a number of error concealment operations that are the same for bothnormal play error concealment and trick play error concealment, trickplay error concealment includes additional error concealment operationswhich are not performed during normal playback operation. Thus, trickplay error concealment includes error concealment operations which arespecifically directed to the concealment of errors resulting from trickplay VTR operation such as fast forward or reverse playback operation.

The error concealment circuit of the present invention may include atemporal filter and/or a spatial filter for performing temporalfiltering and/or spatial filtering, respectively, of the video data whentrick play error concealment is enabled. Accordingly, the receiver ofthe present invention is capable of treating data differently during VTRtrick play operation than during normal play operation. This permits areceiver of the present invention to display data supplied from a VTRduring trick play mode in a manner that provides higher quality imagesthan would be possible if the receiver operated as if it were receivingnormal play data.

One embodiment of the receiver of the present invention furthercomprises a transport and priority decoder circuit coupled to thedigital VTR port and the video decoder. The transport and prioritydecoder circuit receives the video/audio transport data packets and VTRcommands and performs depacketization and priority decoding on the videodata to generate video codewords which are supplied to the video decoderfor additional processing and error concealment operations prior todisplay of the video data.

Additionally, in accordance with another feature of the presentinvention, the digital VTR port and the transport and priority decodercircuit may be coupled to a tuner module. The tuner module receives asignal from a transmitter or other transmission service and performsdemodulating, trellis decoding and de-interleaving on this signal togenerate video/audio transport data packets. In addition, via the tunermodule, the receiver of the present invention can receive a video signalfrom a VTR. If the signal is from the VTR, the receiver's errorconcealment circuit and/or video decoder may receive VTR commands viathe tuner module along with other video and/or audio data.

Accordingly, the receiver of the present invention can receive data fromeither a digital VTR port or from radio frequency signals. A signalselect device is operated to select either the transport data packetsfrom the tuner module or the transport data packets from the VTR portfor transport depacketization and decoding by the transport and prioritydecoder. Thus, the receiver of the present invention can receive datafrom a VTR directly or through its tuner module. In either case, if thereceiver detects that it is receiving data from a VTR operating in trickplay mode or the receiver receives a VTR command indicating that it isreceiving data from a VTR operating in trick play mode, trick play errorconcealment is performed and normal play error concealment is disabledby the receiver in order to provide a series of recognizable images orportions of images to a display device when receiving data from a VTRoperating in trick play mode.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 (a) is an illustration of a conventional two head video recordingsystem.

FIG. 1 (b) illustrates a portion of a tape, including a series ofparallel tracks, written on the tape by the video recording system ofFIG. 1 (a) wherein track separations are shown only for the purpose ofclarity.

FIG. 1 (c) illustrates the paths traced by the record/playback heads ofthe video recording system of FIG. 1 (a), across a portion of the tapeduring playback operation at three times the standard playback speed.

FIG. 2 (a) is an illustration of a four head VTR system comprising 2pairs of co-located heads.

FIG. 2 (b) illustrates the paths traced across the tape by the pairs ofco-located heads of the VTR system of FIG. 2 (a) during playbackoperation at three times the standard playback speed.

FIG. 3 (a) is an illustration of an 8 head VTR system having four headsdistributed evenly over each 180° portion of a rotary head cylinder.

FIG. 3 (b) illustrates the paths traced out across the tape by the headsof the VTR of FIG. 3 (a) during 4× playback speed operation.

FIG. 4 (a) is an illustration of a 2 channel, 4 head VTR system.

FIG. 4 (b) is an illustration of a portion of a tape including a seriesof 2 channel tracks recorded on the tape by the VTR system of FIG. 4(a).

FIG. 5 is an illustration of a typical Group of Pictures in the orderthey are displayed.

FIG. 6 illustrates a macroblock in accordance with the MPEG proposalwhich may be used, e.g., for HDTV signals.

FIG. 7 illustrates the structure of a transport cell in accordance withthe AD HDTV system proposal.

FIG. 8 (a) is a block diagram of a video and audio transmission circuitin accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 (b) illustrates a representative video packet header which may beattached by the transport packetizer, illustrated in FIG. 8 (a), to thedata packets generated in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 9 which corresponds to the combination of FIGS. 9A and 9B, is ablock diagram of a circuit for a digital VTR compatible receiver inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 (a), is a block diagram of a VTR recording circuit in accordancewith one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 (b) illustrates a data block which is representative of onepossible format for a data block which may be generated by the VTRframing and ECC circuits of the recording circuit of FIG. 10 (a).

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of a VTR playback circuit in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12 (a) illustrates a portion of a tape containing a plurality oftrick play tape segments arranged to form a multi-speed playback trackin accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 12 (b) illustrates a portion of a tape containing a plurality oftrick play tape segments arranged to form a multi-speed playback trackin accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12 (c) illustrates a portion of a tape including a plurality ofmulti-speed playback tracks in accordance with one embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 12 (d) illustrates a portion of a tape including a multi-speedplayback track arrangement which is implemented for a VTR system usingtwo data channels per track.

FIG. 13 (a) illustrates the portions of trick play segments of a fastscan track from which data may not be recovered during trick playoperation due to track switching loss.

FIG. 13 (b) illustrates a portion of a tape with both 7× reverse fastscan tracks and 9× fast forward fast scan tracks recorded on the tape inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 13 (c) illustrates the trick play tape segments of 3× fast scantracks which a 4 head, 2 channel VTR can read during trick playoperation.

FIG. 13 (d) illustrates the trick play tape segments of 3× fast scantracks which an 8 head, 2 channel VTR with co-located heads can readduring trick play operation.

FIG. 14 (a) illustrates the range of areas, of a 2 channel track, theheads of a 2 channel VTR may pass over during trick play operation givenexpected tracking errors.

FIG. 14 (b) is an illustration of a tape segment and the variouspossible regions of the tape segment that may be passed over by a headof a VTR during trick play operation in view of expected trackingerrors.

FIG. 15 is an illustration of a tape segment including both a 9× fastforward fast scan track and a multi-speed playback track.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to transmittercircuits, which supply video (and audio) signals to digital videorecording devices, e.g., VTRs, for recording and later playback duringboth normal and trick play operation. Various other embodiments of thepresent invention are directed to circuits, e.g., VTR record andplayback circuits, for recording digital video (and audio) signals forplayback during trick play operation. In addition, still otherembodiments of the present invention are directed to receiver anddisplay circuits which are capable of receiving and displayingtransmitted audio and video signals received from, e.g., a transmissionservice or a VTR. Various circuits and embodiments of the presentinvention facilitate VTR trick play operation by, e.g., facilitating theselection of data for recording in tape segments, referred to as trickplay tape segments, which are then read during VTR trick play operation.

In accordance with various embodiments of the present invention, a VTRwrites data, which is particularly useful for generating recognizableimages during trick play operation into trick play tape segments as willbe described below. Because trick play segments are of a limited size,the selection of data that is written into such segments becomesimportant if recognizable images of reasonable quality are to begenerated from the limited data read from the trick play segments duringtrick play operation. The data contained in each trick play segmentcomprises what are referred to as trick play data blocks. Accordinglyvarious embodiments of the present invention, described below, aredirected to circuits which prioritize and sort video data for recordingin trick play segments. Furthermore, several features of the presentinvention support prioritization and sorting of video data by a VTRwithout requiring the VTR to fully decode the data packets whichcomprise the video data stream.

The present invention is also directed to circuits which optimize theamount of data that can be read from trick play segments during trickplay mode by locating the trick play segments at particular locations ona tape designed to optimize recovery of trick play data during VTR trickplay operation. As will be described below, in accordance with onefeature of the present invention, trick play segments may be located ina geometric arrangement on a tape so that sufficient trick play data canbe recovered at several different trick play speeds and directions ofoperation to generate an acceptable number of recognizable images orportions of images during trick play operation. As will be describedbelow, the trick play segments in such an embodiment form what isreferred to as a "multi-speed" playback track which may run, e.g.,parallel to the length of the tape. In another embodiment, trick playsegments may be located in such an arrangement that the heads of a VTRpass over an optimum number of trick play segments during operation at aparticular trick play speed. In accordance with this embodiment, thetrick play segments that are passed over during each pass of a VTR'shead across the width of the tape during trick play operation at aparticular playback speed and direction of operation, comprise a fastscan track for the particular trick play speed and tape direction.

One particular embodiment of the present invention is directed to avideo (and audio) transmission circuit which digitizes, encodes,prioritizes and packetizes video (and audio) signals, for subsequenttransmission, in a manner that optimizes the format of the resultingdigital data for use by a video recording device, e.g., a VTR. Thesystem of the present invention may be used in conjunction with, e.g.,various digital HDTV system.

As described above, there are various proposals for digital EDTVsystems. However, none of the proposed systems include data formatswhich are fully optimized for VTR compatibility. One embodiment of thepresent invention is directed to a circuit that optimizes digital video(and audio) data streams for use with VTRs and other digital videorecording devices while maintaining compatibility with the compressiontechniques normally used to create such data streams, e.g., thecompression techniques used by the various proposed HDTV systems.Generally, the circuit of the present invention provides forimplementation of (1) a VTR optimized data prioritization scheme, (2)packetization of the data in a manner that is reflective of theimplemented VTR optimized prioritization scheme, and (3) headers thatdescribe the contents of the data packets and permit the contents to beidentified without full decoding of the data packets.

Referring now to the drawings, and initially to FIG. 8 (a), there isillustrated a block diagram of a video and audio transmission circuit,according to one embodiment of the present invention, generallyindicated by the reference numeral 100. The circuit 100 comprises avideo encoder 102, an audio encoder 103, a prioritizer 104, a transportencoder 109, a channel modulator 110 and a transmitter/antenna 112.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the video encoder 102 has avideo input for receiving an uncompressed analog video signal from avideo source such as a video camera. The video encoder 102 digitizes,encodes and compresses the received video signal to produce a stream ofencoded video data, e.g., a video codeword data stream. To produce thevideo codeword data stream, the video encoder 102 may use one or moreknown encoding and data compression techniques such as motion estimationand/or other MPEG encoding techniques. Accordingly, depending on theencoding technique used, the encoder can output data in the form ofcodewords corresponding to various types of video data including videoframes, superblocks, slices, macroblocks, and various other subsets ofvideo information which the data in the codeword data stream canrepresent in accordance with various possible data structures andencoding techniques. The video encoder 102 may generate picture headersin addition to codewords, with an individual picture header beingassociated with the particular codewords that comprise each individualvideo frame.

The codeword data stream output by the encoder 102 comprises, e.g., astream of codewords wherein each codeword is represented by a variablenumber of bits. The codewords are normally recognizable by theirposition relative to one another and therefore are understood in thecontext of their order in the codeword data stream. The codewords in thedata stream may represent, e.g., picture, slice, and macroblock headers.

The audio encoder 103 receives an audio signal from, e.g., a microphonewhich can be attached to a video camera which serves as the source ofthe video signal supplied to the video encoder 102. The audio signal isdigitized, encoded, and packetized by the audio encoder 103. The audioencoder 103 outputs packets of encoded audio data via an audio datapacket output that is coupled to a corresponding input of the transportencoder's multiplexer 108.

In video transmission systems, such as the proposed AD HDTV system,which transmit portions of the video data over multiple data channels,it is necessary to provide a method of separating the video data streamfor transmission over separate data channels based on, prioritizing thevideo data. The video data can then be separated according to itsrelative priority for transmission over the various data channels basedon the data's assigned priority level relative to the other data in thedata stream. For example, the AD HDTV system proposal requires that thecodewords output by the video encoder be divided into two data streams,i.e. a high priority (HP) data stream, which contains data essential forcreating viewable images, and a standard priority (SP) data stream whichcontains the remaining data required to produce images of highdefinition quality. In the AD HDTV proposal, the HP and SP data streamsare transmitted via two separate data channels at a HP to SP data ratioof 1:4.

While the proposed HDTV systems provide for data prioritization andtransmission over separate data channels, the proposed prioritizationschemes fail to optimize data based on the data's utility to VTRapplications.

The prioritizer 104 of the present invention, illustrated in FIG. 8 (a),implements a prioritization scheme that is based on the video data'sutility to VTR applications such as trick play operation. Thus, videodata utility is determined as a function of how useful the data is forgenerating a recognizable and scaleable image which is useable duringtrick play operation.

As illustrated in FIG. 8 (a), a video codeword data stream output of thevideo encoder 102 is coupled to a corresponding input of the prioritizer104. The prioritizer 104 receives the video codeword data stream fromthe video encoder 102 and prioritizes the codewords in the data streaminto different priority levels.

As part of the prioritization process, the prioritizer 104 recognizessub-sets of various types of digital video data, i.e., types of datacontained in the video codewords, that are particularly useful to VTRs.The video codewords in the video codeword data stream are prioritized,i.e. assigned differing priority levels, based on the relative utilityof the data in each codeword to VTR applications and in particular, tothe data's utility in generating an image during trick play operation.

The prioritizer 104 has two outputs coupled to inputs of the transportencoder 109. The transport encoder 109 comprises a video transportpacketizer 106 and a multiplexer 108. The video transport packetizer 106is responsible for the packetization of the encoded video data, i.e. thevideo codewords supplied by the prioritizer 104.

The prioritizer 104 of the present invention outputs the video codeworddata stream via a video codeword data stream output which is coupled toa corresponding input of the transport encoder's video transportpacketizer 106. In addition, a priority level signal output of theprioritizer 104 is coupled to a corresponding input of the transportencoder's video transport packetizer 106. Via this connection, theprioritizer 104 supplies the packetizer 106 with a signal that indicatesthe assigned priority level of the data in the video codeword datastream.

The video transport packetizer 106, of the transport encoder 109, isalso supplied with several signals from the video encoder 102. The videoencoder 102 supplies information to the packetizer 106 indicating acorrespondence between the video codewords in the codeword data streamand which particular frame, superblock, slice, macroblock or other pieceof video information the data represents. Accordingly, FIG. 8 (a) showsa frame information output, a macroblock information output and a sliceinformation output each being coupled to a corresponding input of thevideo transport packetizer 106. It is to be understood that the numberof video information connections between the video encoder 102 and thepacketizer 106 may vary along with the actual information sent via theseconnections depending on the particular encoding and packetizingalgorithms implemented. However, the video encoder 102 will generallysupply the packetizer 106 with information for inclusion in packetheaders which the packetizer 106 adds to each video packet it creates.

The video transport packetizer 106 places the video codewords from theprioritizer 104 into video packets and adds headers to each videopacket. The packet headers include information necessary to restartvideo decoding if data synchronization is lost. The information includedin the header added by the transport packetizer 106 may include, e.g.,macroblock number, superblock position within the macroblock, framenumber, field or frame coding, quantization level, the priority level ofthe data contained in the packet, and a pointer to a data boundarywithin the video data packet. Different priority packets may be providedwith different headers containing information useful in decoding thedata of the given level. Appropriately packetizing and identifying thedata type and/or the VTR priority level of the packetized video data,using, e.g., packet headers permits a VTR which receives the transmittedpacketized data to sort, record, and retrieve the digital informationwith a minimum amount of decoding.

Referring now to FIG. 8 (b), there is illustrated a suitable videopacket header 150 which can be attached by the transport packetizer 106to the data packets generated in accordance with the present invention.As illustrated in FIG. 8 (b), the packet header 150 comprises a packetID data block 151, a priority ID data block 152, an entry point datablock 154, an entry ID data block 156 and a block of process variables158. The packet ID data block 151 comprises information identifying thesource of the packet, the packets sequence number, etc. The priority IDdata block comprises information indicating the priority of the datacontained within the particular video data packet. The entry point datablock 154 contains a pointer to the next object in the data packet, e.g.a macroblock or superblock header. The entry ID data block 156 containsthe ID of the object pointed to by the entry point ID data block 154. Inaddition, the header 150 also includes a block of process variables 158which are necessary for decoding and which might be lost duringresynchronization. Such process variables may include variables in thevideo codeword data stream that are global for an entire frame or imagesequence.

Video data prioritization and packetization in the above mannerfacilitates a VTR's identification of data which is important to trickplay operation. As will be described below, a VTR in accordance with afeature of the present invention, can selectively record packetized datain particular trick play segments, i.e. geographic areas on a tape fromwhich data can be read during trick play operation. Trick play segmentsare of a limited size. Thus, a VTR which uses these segments to storedata for trick play operation, must be selective in the data that itrecords in the trick play segments if it is going to be able to generaterecognizable images from the limited amount of data recorded therein. Inaccordance with the present invention, the VTR selects the video data torecord in these trick play segments from the video data stream based onhow useful the data is for generating a recognizable image during trickplay operation. The data is then recorded in the trick play segments ona space available basis with the highest priority data being storedbefore lower priority data. Prioritization and identification of dataparticularly useful to trick play mode prior to transmission reduces theburden on a VTR to decode and sort the video data while eliminating theneed for the VTR to prioritize the data for trick play operation.Accordingly, prioritizing the video data before transmission permitssimpler, cheaper VTRs with trick play capability.

The video codeword data stream which is output by the prioritizer 104can be packetized and divided into two or more data streams fortransmission via multiple transmission channels, e.g. a high priorityand a standard priority transmission channel. In such an embodiment, thevideo transport packetizer 106 divides the video packets into differentdata streams based on the priority level assigned to the data containedin each particular video packet by the prioritizer 104. Alternatively, atransmission priority scheme which is independent of the VTR utilityprioritization scheme of the present invention may be implemented by atransport data channel prioritizer 105 contained within the videotransport packetizer 106. However, regardless of the transmissionpriority scheme implemented, each of the video/audio transport datapackets output by the transport encoder 109 of the present invention isidentified by the use of headers which permit a VTR to identify the typeand priority level of the data contained in each of the video/audiotransport data packets to facilitate selection of the data for trickplay operation.

Allocating the data which is the most useful for trick play operation toa particular data channel, e.g., a high priority channel, when multipledata transmission channels are being used facilitates a VTR's selectionof data to be recorded in trick play segments because the highestpriority data for trick play operation is thus segregated to some extentfrom lower priority data. In such a case, a VTR can initially look tothe HP data stream for the data to record in the trick play segments.Then, only when there is not enough data in the high priority datastream to fill the trick play segments does the VTR have to sort thedata in the standard priority channel.

In such an embodiment, wherein multiple channels are being used totransmit the video/audio transport data packets, the transport encoder'svideo transport packetizer 106 performs the operation of separating thevideo packets into multiple data streams for transmission via separatechannels using the transport data channel prioritizer 105.

The AD HDTV system proposal requires that the HDTV data transport cellsbe divided into two data streams, i.e. a high priority (HP) and astandard priority (SP) data stream for transmission via two separatedata channels. Furthermore, the proposed AD HDTV system uses I-, P-, andB-frames characteristic of MPEG video encoding. While the publishedsystem descriptions only set forth general guidelines for determiningthe contents of the HP data stream, the video packetizer 106 implementsa scheme for determining the video data contents of the HP data streambased on the relative utility of the video data for VTR applicationssuch as trick play operation.

The video transport packetizer 106 illustrated in FIG. 8 (a) isparticularly well suited for use with the proposed AD HDTV systembecause it packetizes and assigns a portion of data to a HP data channeland a portion to a SP data channel. The relative proportion of HP datato SP data in the AD HDTV system proposal is 1:4. Accordingly, over apreselected fixed time period, determined by the amount of time requiredto fill-up rate buffers contained within the video transport packetizer106, which are used for sorting data into HP data and SP data, the videotransport packetizer 106 assigns the highest priority codewords receivedfrom the prioritizer 104 to the HP data stream. The video transportpacketizer 106 assigns the remaining data received during the same timeperiod to the SP data stream. The data is thus divided by the packetizer106 in as close a ratio as possible to the specified ratio of 1 packetof high priority data to 4 packets of standard priority data.

To reduce receiver and VTR data buffering requirements, the videotransport packetizer 106 and multiplexer 108 organize the video andaudio data packets so that the data contained in each Group of Pictures,output by the encoder 102, will be transmitted in a single time period.The single time period associated with each particular Group of Picturesis of the same or shorter length than the time period required by areceiver to display all the frames in the particular Group of Pictures.While such data synchronization is not required by the MPEG standard,such synchronization has the advantage of reducing receiver and VTR databuffering requirements in certain cases. For example, if the Group ofPictures takes up a fixed maximum amount of time to transmit, and thuscomprises a corresponding fixed maximum amount of data, the VTR can besynchronized with another source for dubbing together video sequences ateach Group of Pictures' boundary. This allows editing of compressedvideo data streams while avoiding the possibility of buffer overflow ina video decoder used to edit the data comprising a Group of Pictures.Thus, by transmitting the data contained in each Group of Pictures in asingle time period of equal or shorter length than the display timeperiod, data buffers of a predictable maximum size may be used inreceivers and VTRs. Thus, by fixing the size of the buffers required toavoid data overflows, large buffers with excess data capacity need notbe used to avoid the possibility of a data overflow.

As illustrated in FIG. 8 (a), the video transport encoder 106 has an HPvideo packet output and an SP video packet output coupled tocorresponding inputs of the multiplexed 108. In this manner, themultiplexer 108 is supplied with the data packets output by the videotransport packetizer 106. The multiplexer 108 also receives as inputsthe audio data packets output by the audio encoder 103 and the auxiliarydata packets. The multiplexer 108 loads the video, audio, and auxiliarydata packets into video/audio transport data packets. It also addsheaders to each transport data packet indicating the type or types ofdata packets contained within each particular transport data packet. Thesize of the transport data packets will vary depending on the particulartransmission system being implemented. For example, in the case of an ADHDTV compatible transmission system, each transport data packet,referred to as a data cell in the AD HDTV system proposal, has a fixedlength of 148 bytes.

Generally, to assist in the identification of the various data types,the header which identifies the data type of each video data packetshould be attached by the video transport packetizer 106 directly toeach video data packet in a predetermined manner or format. Similarly,headers attached by the multiplexer 108 should be attached directly toeach video/audio transport data packet. Alternatively, both the videopackets and the transport data packets can have their contentsidentified solely by their position relative to a reference signalwithin a sequence of video or transport data packets. In such anembodiment, the header need not be directly attached, by the videotransport packetizer 106 or multiplexer 108, to the associated datapacket, so long as pre-determined timing of the data streams permits aVTR to locate individual video data packets from among the video/audiotransport data packets and to identify the type and priority of the datawithin each packet, without the need for fully decoding the receiveddata stream.

The transport encoder 109 has an HP and an SP video/audio transport datapacket output coupled to corresponding inputs of the channel modulator110. The channel modulator 110 modulates the transport data packetsusing a modulation method, such as quadrature amplitude modulation,which provides a modulated signal compatible with the selectedtransmission service, e.g., a cable service or an antenna system.Accordingly, as illustrated in FIG. 8 (a), the output of the channelmodulator 110 is coupled to the transmission service represented by thetransmitter/antenna 112.

The prioritizer 104 of the present invention, described above in regardto the transmission circuit 100, is particularly well suited for use insystems using MPEG data compression techniques, such as the proposed ADHDTV system. However, the prioritizer 104 can also be used with otherdigital video systems, such as the DigiCipher system, which do not useMPEG data encoding or fully intra-coded video frames.

The prioritizer 104 implements a prioritization scheme which isoptimized to assign data to a series of priority levels based on thedata's utility for generating a recognizable image or portion of animage during trick play operation. In one embodiment particularly wellsuited for use with the proposed AD HDTV system, the prioritizationscheme implemented by the prioritizer 104 provides for the recognitionand assignment of the following encoded video data, listed in theirorder of utility to video recorder trick play operation, to differentpriority levels as indicated below:

    ______________________________________                                        Priority  Subset of Encoded Video Data                                        Level     Assigned to the Indicated Priority Level                            ______________________________________                                        1.        Video codeword headers that                                                   contain sequence and picture                                                  information for I & P frames,                                                 slice headers for I & P frames                                                which contain the position on                                                 the screen of slice data, and                                                 starting points for DPCM coding.                                    2.        Macroblock headers of I & P                                                   frames which contain information                                              about either: a data block's                                                  position within a slice,                                                      quantization, the method of                                                   coding the blocks.                                                  3.        The DC coefficients of the DCT for I-                                         frames.                                                             4.        Motion vectors for P-frames which provide                                     enough information to predict a frame from                                    the last I frame or P frame.                                        5.        The dc coefficients of the DCT for P-                                         frames which correct the predicted frame                                      and improve image quality.                                          6.        A percentage of the higher order DCT                                          coefficients for I frames which can be                                        used to improve the quality of both the I                                     frame and the predicted frame.                                      7.        A percentage of the higher order DCT                                          coefficients for P frames which can be                                        used to further improve the predicted                                         frame quality.                                                      8.        All other data in the video codeword data                                     stream.                                                             ______________________________________                                    

It should be noted that the above prioritization scheme is the same asthe prioritization scheme implemented by a VTR, in accordance with onefeature of the present invention when determining which video data torecord in trick play segments for later reading and use during trickplay operation.

If the prioritization of the encoded video data for VTR applications isdone before packetization and transmission, and/or the particularsub-sets of data recognized by the prioritizer 104 are identified bypacket headers, then the amount of work the VTR must do to identify theappropriate data for filling trick play storage locations issignificantly reduced. On the other hand, without such prioritizationand packetization, the VTR may be required to decode the variable lengthcoding of the video data stream and organize the data into the prioritylevels using a prioritizer of its own. Accordingly, in such anembodiment the VTR must include both a decoder and prioritizer with theVTR's prioritizer being the same as, or similar to, the prioritizer 104which was described above in regard to the transmitter.

While some of the available data, e.g. P-frame data, may not be used fortrick play operation, because of the limited storage space available fortrick play data, e.g. in VTRs with few heads or in the case of highplayback speeds such as 9× speed, it is still desirable to assign allthe data in the video data stream to a particular priority level duringprioritization so that the prioritization scheme remains independent ofVTR capability. In accordance with the above prioritization scheme whichis implemented before data transmission, the prioritization process isindependent of a receiving VTR's capabilities.

Prioritization of all the video data in the above manner prior totransmission permits each receiving VTR to allocate data to trick playstorage locations depending on each VTR's own particular trick playcapability without the need for additional data prioritization. Forexample, the receiving VTR need only record as much of the highestpriority data as it can in the trick play space available on aparticular tape. Accordingly, when writing data to be read during trickplay operation, the VTR writes all the data from the highest prioritylevel and then each subsequent priority level until it runs out of spaceon the tape for the trick play data.

While the above list describes the sub-sets of data which are recognizedand prioritized by the prioritizer 104 using terms which generallyrelate to the AD HDTV system proposal, it is to be understood that whenapplying the above prioritization scheme to other systems, the termI-frames can generally be interpreted as referring to intra-frame codeddata segments of a video image, P-frames can be interpreted as referringto inter-frame coded data segments of a video image, and DC-coefficientscan be interpreted as referring to the average values across a luminanceor chrominance block of video data. In even more general terms, theDC-coefficients of a DCT may be interpreted as corresponding to thedecimated low frequency values for any block of video image data. Forexample, in applying the above prioritization scheme to the data streamproduced by a video encoder which operates in accordance with theDigital Spectrum Compatible ("DSC") HDTV System, proposed by the Zenithand AT&T corporations, every frame of DSC data could be treated ascomprising intra-coded data.

The basis for the prioritization order of the above data will bedescribed in greater detail below with regard to a discussion of thedata's utility for VTR trick play operation.

As described above, for VTR applications, it is useful for the videodata to be prioritized prior to data transmission in order to reduce thedecoding and prioritization burdens placed on a VTR which selects datato be recorded in specific trick play tape locations. The prioritizationscheme implemented by the prioritizer 104, and a VTR in accordance withthe present invention when the data is not prioritized prior totransmission, is designed to segregate the encoded video data, i.e., thevideo codewords, into a series of priority levels.

A subset of encoded video data is assigned to each priority level basedon the data's usefulness in generating a recognizable image from aminimum amount of data during trick play operation. Use of additionaldata from the lower priority levels adds incrementally to the imagequality during trick play mode. For example, an image formed from thedata assigned to priority levels 1, 2, and 3 would be of lower qualitythan an image formed from the data assigned to priority levels 1, 2, 3and 4. The video data priority levels are arranged so that the data fromeach subsequent, i.e., lower priority data level, provides improvementin image quality when data from a subsequent priority level is used withthe data from the preceding higher priority levels. Thus, theprioritization scheme seeks to optimize image quality while minimizingthe amount of data used to generate the image.

The sub-set of video header data listed as being assigned to prioritylevel 1 in the above prioritization list associated with the prioritizer104, is essential for the decoding of a picture. Accordingly, this datais assigned to the highest possible priority level by the prioritizer104. The sub-set of video header data listed as being assigned topriority level 2 is necessary for the decoding of large sections of apicture and is therefore assigned to the second highest priority level.However, if the image to be reproduced during trick play operation iscropped, e.g., because of data constraints, some data assigned topriority level 2 would be unnecessary as it corresponds to the croppedregions and should be assigned to a very low priority level.

The data assigned to priority level 3, the DC coefficients for I-frames,comprise a set of data from which a recognizable image can be generated.Accordingly, this data is very important to trick play operation and isassigned to a relatively high priority level which is higher than allother data except the subsets of header data assigned to priority levels1 and 2. When sections of an image are cropped, the data correspondingto the cropped sections is not needed. However, data corresponding tothe sections which are to be displayed will be needed during trick play.Accordingly, only the data corresponding to the cropped sections shouldbe assigned to a low priority level.

The sub-sets of data assigned to priority levels 1, 2 and 3 of the aboveprioritization list provide a small set of data from which arecognizable image can be generated during trick play operation.However, the addition of the data in the data sub-sets assigned topriority levels 4-7 can greatly improve picture quality during trickplay mode. For example, the addition of the data assigned to prioritylevel 4, i.e. motion vectors for P-frames, provides a viewable P-frameduring trick play operation. The use of inter-coded data only improvesimage quality when inter-coded images or portions of images aregenerated. As used in this application, the term inter-coded is intendedto refer to inter-frame and/or inter-field coded images. Thus, when onlyI-frames are displayed during trick play operation, e.g., in 9× fastforward operation, inter-coded data will not improve image quality.However, when inter-coded images such as P-frames are displayed, e.g.,during 3× fast forward operation, additional inter-coded data beyondthat needed to generate a low quality inter-coded image will improveimage quality.

One embodiment of the present invention uses inter-frame coded data, inaddition to a limited amount of intra-frame coded data, to produceimages during trick play operation. The use of inter-coded data withsome intra-frame coded data provides a picture of superior quality to asystem which uses the same amount of purely intra-frame coded data, suchas the dc-coefficients of a DCT, to produce an image during trick playoperation.

The use of P-frame motion vectors and other P-frame data is of littleuse in generating a recognizable image unless the previous anchor frame,which could be either an I- or a P-frame, is available as a referencefor the prediction information. Accordingly, P-frame motion vectors areassigned to a priority level beneath the DC coefficients of the DCTblocks for I frames, i.e., to priority level 4.

The present invention uses the DC coefficients of the DCT of an I-frameand when available, some of the low frequency coefficients of the DCT ofan I-frame, to form a rough approximation of a reference I-frame. TheVTR of the present invention then uses the generated reference frame andthe motion vectors from the P-frame to form a fair quality P-frame whichcan then serve as the reference frame for generating the next P-frame.This process may be continued with new reference frames being generatedfrom intra-coded data whenever possible, and with P-frames beinggenerated at other times.

Accordingly, if there is enough trick play space available, it ispossible to store enough data to produce a low resolution I-frame and alow resolution P-frame during trick play operation corresponding to eachI- and P-frame in a group of pictures that would be displayed duringnormal playback operation. If trick play space is extremely limited,such as for fast playback speeds, e.g., 9× fast forward playback, thenfewer frames for each group of pictures would be stored in the trickplay space. For example, only enough data for low resolution I-framescorresponding to each I-frame of a group of pictures might be stored for9× fast forward trick play operation. Another alternative would be tostore a section of each I-frame, such as the top half of one frame andthe bottom half of the next I-frame, and then update the portion of thescreen which corresponds to the stored section. Another option is tostore every N^(th) I-frame and repeat the stored I-frames for severalframe display times to create a recognizable picture with jerky motion.Several of these methods of selecting trick play data for storing andlater playback can be combined to provide enough data to produce aseries of recognizable images during trick playback operation despitethe data limitations imposed by trick play operation.

When using motion vectors with a limited amount of data, to generaterecognizable video frames as in the case of trick play operation, it isbetter to use a low resolution estimate of the entire anchor frame overits entire space than to than to use the same amount of data to producefull resolution spatial sections of the anchor frame. Accordingly, inone embodiment, VTRs which operate in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention use the limited amount of data in the fast scantracks to perform a low resolution update of an entire video frame foreach frame display period. This provides a time coherent frame, althoughof lower quality than during normal play. However, by prioritizing andusing the intra-frame coded and inter-frame coded data in the abovemanner, it is possible to provide more time coherent images from alimited amount of data then would be possible using only the samelimited amount of purely intra-frame coded data. Furthermore, thequality of the images is better than when full resolution spatialsections of anchor frames are used. The increased number of timecoherent frames made possible by the above approach enhances viewingquality during trick play operation.

Since, P-frame DC DCT coefficients are of no value unless P-frame motionvectors are used, they are assigned to priority level 5 which is justsubsequent to priority level 4 which contains P-frame motion vectors.The dc coefficients of the DCT for P-frames, assigned to priority level5, are useful for correcting and thus improving the image quality of thepredicted frame generated using the P-frame motion vectors assigned topriority level 4. The higher order DCT coefficients of the I-frames andP-frames, which are assigned to priority levels 6 and 7, respectivelyare useful in providing improved images when used with the data from theprevious priority levels.

Finally, all the remaining encoded video data, e.g. B-frame data, isassigned to the lowest priority level, level 9, because it issubstantially less useful in trick play operation and separating it intofurther priority levels is of no substantial advantage.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the prioritizer 104implements a prioritization scheme particularly well suited for use withthe proposed DigiCipher system. The prioritizer 104 implements aprioritization scheme which provides for the recognition and assignmentof the following encoded video data, listed in their order of utility toVTR trick play operation, to different priority levels as indicatedbelow:

    ______________________________________                                        Priority   Subset of Encoded Video Data                                       Level      Assigned to the Indicated Priority Level                           ______________________________________                                        1.         Video codeword headers that                                                   contain sequence and picture                                                  information including the                                                     picture and macroblock headers                                                for video frames.                                                  2.         Superblock headers that contain                                               the superblock positions for                                                  intra-refresh superblocks.                                         3.         The DC coefficients of the intra-coded                                        sections of an image including the intra-                                     refresh blocks.                                                    4.         Low frequency coefficients for intra-coded                                    sections of an image.                                              5.         If available, additional time-coherent                                        intra-coded DC coefficients for sections                                      of an image that are sent as inter-coded                                      sections of an image for normal play.                              6.         Motion vectors for inter-coded image                                          sections.                                                          7.         DC coefficients for inter-coded image                                         sections.                                                          8.         All other data in the video codeword data                                     stream.                                                            ______________________________________                                    

The above prioritization scheme, which is particularly well suited foruse with the proposed DigiCipher system, is similar to theprioritization scheme that is optimized for use with the AD HDTV systemin that headers and DC coefficients of DCTs of intra-coded sections areassigned to the highest priority levels.

However, the prioritization schemes differ on the data assigned to thehigher number priority levels indicative of the data's decreasingutility for trick play operation due to the different types of data sentin an AD HDTV data stream as opposed to a DigiCipher data stream. Forexample, an ADTV codeword data stream includes inter-coded dataincluding distance 3 motion vectors, which are motion vectors calculatedover the range of 3 frames, useful for, e.g., generating images during3× fast forward trick play operation. In the proposed prioritizationscheme intended for use with AD HDTV, such data would be assigned to thefourth priority level. A DigiCipher data stream includes only distance 1motion vectors which are difficult to use to generate images during fastforward trick play operation and which can provide images of onlyquestionable quality. Accordingly, in the above prioritization schemewhich is intended for use with DigiCipher codeword data streams, allintra-coded data is assigned to a fourth priority level and isconsidered to be of greater importance than any inter-coded data. Suchinter-coded data, in the case of a DigiCipher data stream, is thereforeassigned to a lower number priority level than any inter-coded data inthe codeword data stream.

The data assigned to the fifth priority level in accordance with theabove prioritization scheme, i.e., time coherent intra-coded DCcoefficients for sections of an image which are sent as inter-coded datafor normal play, are special trick play data which may be transmitted inaddition to the normal play data. Transmission of such temporallycoherent image-section data requires fewer bits than would be requiredto send trick play motion vectors. Furthermore, such intra-codedtemporally coherent image sections may be used to generate images ofbetter quality than are possible using only normal play data found in aDigiCipher data stream. Accordingly, when present in a DigiCiphercodeword data stream, such data is assigned to a priority level that ishigher, i.e., which has a lower number data level, than inter-coded datafound in the DigiCipher data stream.

Prioritizing the data normally found in a digital video data stream inthe above manner, and then having a VTR select the high priority datafor recording in trick play segments, is one approach to the problem ofobtaining useful data for VTR trick play operation. Another approach isto transmit trick play data in addition to normal play data. Such anapproach could involve the transmission of the trick play data on thesame data channel as the normal play data or employ a separate low datarate channel for transmitting trick play data for VTR trick playoperation.

Different embodiments of this idea could require approximately 1Mbits/sec. of data if, e.g., dc coefficients for the intra-coded data ofa HDTV signal were sent redundantly. Another useful example ofadditional information that could be transmitted would be trick-playmotion vectors, computed by the video encoder 102, that would span an Nnumber of video frames for VTR use during trick play at N times thenormal speed. Such trick-play motion vectors computed by the videoencoder 102 are much more accurate for trick play operation than aremotion vectors that a VTR could produce by interpolation of the "normal"motion vectors found in the normal play data stream.

The transmission of trick play data along with the normal play dataprovides the greatest improvement in trick play image quality insystems, such as the DigiCipher system, which do not provide for fullyintra-frame coded frames as part of the normal data stream. By providingadditional trick play data in such cases, the problem of obtaining trickplay data from the normal data stream is reduced or eliminatedaltogether.

In one embodiment of the transmitter 100 of the present invention, thevideo encoder 102 computes trick play motion vectors in addition to thenormal motion vectors to support improved VTR performance in, e.g., 3×fast forward trick play operation. The encoder 102 is also capable ofcomputing trick play motion vectors for reverse and other trick playspeeds. In addition to trick play motion vectors or instead ofgenerating trick play motion vectors, the encoder 102 may generate anintra-coded image for every N frames of normal play inter-coded images.Such trick play intra-coded images, which are particularly useful forgenerating images during N× trick playback operation, may be representedby data comprising the low resolution coefficients for every N^(th)video image in the series of normal play images. The trick play motionvectors and trick play intra-coded images generated by the encoder 102are output by the encoder 102, packetized, and identified with headersalong with the rest of the video data transmitted by the transmitter100.

It is estimated that approximately 0.4 Mbits/sec of data must betransmitted, in addition to the normal play HDTV data, to support oneHDTV VTR trick play speed with trick play motion vectors or thetransmission of complete low resolution time coherent intra-frameimages. However this data rate can be reduced through various datacompression techniques such as additional variable length encoding.

While transmission data rate limitations affect the amount of trick playmotion vectors and other trick play data that can be supplied to a VTRin addition to normal play data, the pre-recording of tapes avoids suchlimitations of using only normal play encoded data. By pre-recordingtapes, data from a video encoder can be recorded without the use of adata transmission service and the problems associated with obtainingtrick play data from the normal play data that is transmitted via such aservice. Accordingly, in such a case, all the motion vectors used duringfast scan and all the other trick play data may be generated by anencoder specifically for the trick play modes the pre-recorded tape isintended to support. Such an embodiment permits higher quality trickplay data to be produced and pre-recorded in the trick play tapesegments than is obtainable from the encoded normal play data stream.This is because the trick play data is encoded specifically for trickplay operation unlike the case where trick play data is derived from adata stream which is initially encoded only for normal playbackoperation and for transmission via a data channel having a limited datarate. A VTR playing back the trick play data from the pre-recorded tapecould operate in the same manner as during normal trick play operationmaking such pre-recorded tapes fully compatible with other VTR tapescontaining fast scan tracks. However, improved picture quality wouldresult from the higher quality trick-play data that was pre-recorded inthe trick-play segments of the pre-recorded tape.

Referring now to FIG. 9, there is illustrated a circuit for a digitalVTR compatible television receiver 200, capable of supporting VTR trickplay operation, in accordance with the present invention.

For the receiver 200 to support, i.e. be capable of displaying imagesfrom the data generated by a VTR during trick mode operation, thereceiver 200 must exchange several "handshaking" signals with the VTR.These handshaking signals may be supplied to the receiver 200 via aseparate command line between the VTR and the receiver. Alternatively,the VTR may incorporate such handshaking signals directly into thestream of video/audio data supplied to the receiver 200. In such anembodiment, the receiver 200 would obtain the VTR handshaking signals bymonitoring the contents of the data stream and detecting the signals.

An important function of the VTR handshaking signals is to notify thereceiver 200 that the VTR is operating in trick play mode. Thehandshaking signals are also used to cause the receiver to performspecial functions, e.g., specific error correction and error concealmentoperations, during trick play operation. For example, the handshakingsignals can be used to turn off the normal error concealment operationsin the receiver 200 during trick play operation so that the receiver 200does not try to generate missing video data during trick play operationusing its standard error concealment techniques. The handshaking signalscan also be used to turn on special error concealment functions in thereceiver 200 for trick play operation. Such special error concealmentfunctions could be similar to normal error concealment, but would applyover temporal and spatial ranges appropriate to trick play operation.

The receiver 200 comprises an antenna 202 coupled to an input terminal201 a tuner/demodulator/trellis decoder/de-interleaver/R-S decodercircuit referred to as a tuner module 204. The tuner module 204 receivesa radio frequency television signal from the antenna 202 or anothersource such as a cable transmission service or a VTR via, e.g., theinput terminal 201, and performs filtering, demodulating, trellisdecoding, de-interleaving and Reed-Solomon decoding on the receivedsignal to generate a video/audio transport data packet stream. However,inclusion of the R-S decoder in the tuner module 204 is not necessaryand is therefore omitted in one embodiment of the present invention.

In the embodiment wherein the R-S decoder is not included in the tunermodule 204, the VTR receives the data stream prior to Reed-Solomondecoding. The data is then recorded without Reed-Solomon decoding whichrequires approximately 20% more tape capacity than recording the dataafter Reed-Solomon decoding has been preformed. In such an embodiment, aslight improvement in the detection and correction of data errors whichoccur during recording is achieved and, more significantly, the need toinclude a Reed-Solomon decoder chip in the tuner module which is coupledto or included in the VTR is avoided.

Forward error correction is performed by the tuner module 204 to correctas many transmission errors as possible. The tuner module also generatesan error signal which indicates that an uncorrectable error was detectedwhile generating the transport data packets. The tuner module 204 has avideo/audio data packet output and an error detected signal output whichare coupled to corresponding inputs of a transport and priority decodermodule 208 and a digital VTR port 206. In this manner, the transportdata packet stream and the error detected signal output by the tunermodule 204 are supplied to the VTR port 206 and the transport prioritydecoder 208.

Alternatively, a packet error may be indicated by an appropriate errorsignal inserted into the transport data stream with the tuner module 204outputting a single transport data packet stream, including errordetected signals.

The VTR port 206 serves as a bi-directional interface between a digitalVTR and the receiver 200. Via the port 206, the video/audio transportdata packet stream and the error detected signal output by the tunermodule 204 are supplied to the VTR. Thus, the VTR can record the videoand audio signals received by the receiver 200.

The port 206 has a video/audio data packet output terminal which iscoupled to a VTR transport data packet input terminal of the transportand priority decoder module 208. A VCR command terminal of the VTR portis also coupled to a corresponding terminal of the decoder module 208and an error concealment circuit 220. Thus, during playback operation,the VTR supplies transport data packets and command, e.g., handshaking,signals to the receiver 200 via the port 206. The VTR can receiveacknowledgement and other signals from the receiver's transport andpriority decoder 208 over the same command line which supplies the VTRcommands to the transport and priority decoder 208. The VTR commandsignals may include error signals or commands to the receiver 200 todisable normal error correction operation because the VTR is operatingin trick play mode.

The receiver's transport and priority decoder 208 comprises ademultiplexer 210, a video transport depacketizer 212 and a prioritydecoder module 214. The video transport depacketizer 212 and thepriority decoder 214 each have a VTR command signal input coupled to thetransport and priority decoder's VTR command signal input terminal. Inthis manner, the video transport packetizer 212 and the priority decoder214 receive both error and command signals from the VTR. One function ofthe priority decoder 214 is to restore the correct order to thecodewords after they are removed from the transport data packets so thatthey can be decoded by the video decoder module 216. This reordering ispossible using stored information contained within the priority decoder214 on the legal order for different priority codewords.

The tuner module transport data packet input of the transport andpriority decoder 208 is coupled to a corresponding tuner moduletransport data packet input of the demultiplexer 210. The error detectedinput of the decoder 208 is coupled to a corresponding input of thedemultiplexer 210, the video transport depacketizer 212 and the prioritydecoder 214 so that they each receive the error detected signal from thetuner module 204. The demultiplexer 210 also has a VTR transport datapacket input coupled to the transport and priority decoder module's VTRtransport data packet input.

Via its tuner module transport data packet input and its VTR data packetinput, the demultiplexer 210 receives a video/audio transport datapacket stream from both the receiver's tuner module 204 and the VTR. Abroadcast/VTR input of the demultiplexer is coupled to a select switch.By operating the select switch, it is possible to select between thedata stream from the tuner module 204, used for normal receiveroperation, and the data stream from the VTR, used during VTR playbackoperation.

The demultiplexer 210 receives the selected tuner or VTR suppliedvideo/audio transport data packet stream, strips away the headerinformation added by the transmitter's multiplexer 108, and uses theheader information to demultiplex the transport data packet stream intoa video data packet stream, an audio data packet stream and an auxiliarydata packet stream.

The demultiplexer 210 has an audio packet output which is coupled to acorresponding input of an audio decoder 218.

The audio decoder 218 decodes the audio data packets received from thedemultiplexer 210 and outputs an audio signal which is supplied to anaudio output circuit. Similarly, the demultiplexer 210 has an auxiliarydata output which is supplied to an auxiliary data circuit of thereceiver 200.

A video packet output of the demultiplexer is coupled to an input of thevideo transport depacketizer 212. The transport depacketizer 212receives the video packets output by the demultiplexer 210, the errordetected signal output by the tuner module 204 and the VTR commandsignal output by the VTR. From the VTR command signal, the videotransport depacketizer 212 determines if a data packet stream beingreceived from the VTR is a normal play data packet stream which could bedepacketized in the same manner as a tuner supplied data packet stream,or whether the VTR is supplying a trick play data packet stream whichmay require special depacketizing and/or error handling.

The video transport depacketizer 208 removes the payload data from thevideo packets and decodes the packet headers added by the transmitter'svideo transport packetizer 106. The video transport depacketizer 208generates a video codeword data stream, i.e., a stream of transportpacket payload data, from the video packet stream. The video transportdepacketizer 212 also generates a priority level signal which indicatesthe assigned priority level of the data in the video codeword datastream, a header information signal which contains information necessaryfor synchronization such as the entry point, and entry ID data. A packeterror signal is used to flag any errors detected during thedepacketization process. The video codewords output by the videotransport depacketizer 208 may include check bits for additional errordetection purposes. A video codeword data stream output, a prioritylevel signal output, a header information signal output, and a packeterror signal output of the video transport depacketizer 212 are coupledto corresponding inputs of the priority decoder 214.

The priority decoder 214 receives the VTR command signal output by theVTR and is therefore aware of when it should perform any specialdecoding or error handling that might be necessary as a result of trickplay data being supplied by the VTR. The priority decoder also receivesthe error detected signal output by the tuner module 204, and the packeterror signal output by the video transport depacketizer 212. If any ofthe signals received by the priority decoder 214 indicate that an errorwas detected or if the priority decoder 214 detects an error, thepriority decoder 214 will perform an error handling procedure and assertan error signal to inform a video decoder module 216 of anyuncorrectable errors.

The priority decoder 214 uses the priority level signal, the headerinformation signal, and the other received signals, to perform variablelength decoding of the data received from the video transportdepacketizer 208. The priority decoder 214 combines the data fromvarious priority levels into a data stream of codewords which the videodecoder module 216 can process. While combining the data to form thecodeword data stream, the priority decoder 214 maintains datasynchronization between the various priority levels. The prioritydecoder 214 handles the problem of missing or erroneous data byinstructing the video decoder module 216 to perform error concealment.VTR commands may also instruct the priority decoder 214 on how tocombine different priority data for trick play operation. Accordingly,the priority decoder 214 generates a video codeword data stream whichcan be understood by the video decoder module 216.

A video codeword data stream output and an error signal output of thepriority decoder 214 are coupled to corresponding inputs of the videodecoder module 216. The video decoder module 216 also receives the VTRcommand signal output by the VTR. Thus, the VTR may instruct the videodecoder module 216 to do special processing, e.g., during trick playoperation. The video decoder module 216 comprises a video decodercircuit 217 and an error concealment circuit 220 which are both coupledto the inputs of the video decoder module 216. Video data and errorsignals are passed between the video decoder circuit 217 and the errorconcealment circuit 220 which are coupled together via a pair of datalines. The error concealment circuit 200 and the decoder circuit 217receive the VTR command signal output by the VTR.

The error concealment circuit 220 performs error concealment operationson the video data during both normal play and trick play operation. Forexample, in the normal play case, if the video decoder circuit 217detects that entire frames were missing the error concealment circuit220 would attempt to conceal this by, for instance, repeating the lastgood frame, until an I-frame was received. Accordingly, in the normalplay case, the receiver 200 would display some image at each framedisplay time.

In trick play, on the other hand, missing frames are expected. Forexample, during 3× trick play operation, all I- and P-frames may bereceived while B-frames might not be received at all. During trick playoperation, it is undesirable for the error concealment circuit 220 tofill in something to replace the B-frames which are not received. It isalso undesirable for the decoder module 217 to wait until the nextI-frame to recover since, during trick play operation, usable P-framesmay be received prior to the next I-frame.

Accordingly, when a VTR command indicating that the VTR is operating intrick play mode is received or when the error concealment circuit 220 orthe decoder circuit 217 detects that the VTR is operating in trick playmode by, e.g., monitoring the received video data for missing framesindicative of VTR trick play operation, normal play error concealmentoperation of the error concealment circuit 220 is disabled and trickplay error concealment operation is enabled.

Trick play error concealment operation may be enabled, e.g., during 9×trick playback VTR operation when only information for every N^(th)I-frame is received. For example, during 9× trick play operation onlyevery other I-frame may be received. In such a case, it is desirable todisplay a frame for every missing I-frame so that the missing I-framecan be concealed by an estimation formed by temporally filtering theexisting I-frame using the frames which are received in addition to theI-frame, to produce an I-frame which will be displayed in place of themissing I-frame. For example, at 9× trick play speed this may requiregenerating an I-frame to replace a missing 9th frame in an 18 frameseries of images comprising two AD HDTV Groups of Pictures which wouldnormally include 2 I-frames.

Both normal play and trick play error concealment operations may includethe use of temporal and/or spatial filters to conceal missing portionsof a frame or completely missing frames.

The error concealment circuit 220 comprises a spatial filter, e.g., a2-dimensional spatial filter 222, a temporal filter 224, and processinglogic.

While the error concealment circuit 220 is illustrated as being part ofthe video decoder module 216, the error concealment circuit 220 and thevideo decoder circuit 217 need not be implemented as a single module.

During trick play operation, the error concealment circuit 220 may usethe spatial filter 222 to perform spatial filtering on the video datasupplied to it by the video decoder circuit 217. Such filtering reducesthe "blockiness" in the video image that results from using primarily dccoefficients to generate an image. The temporal filter 224 may be usedin conjunction with, or independently of, the spatial filter 222 tofilter the video data from the decoder circuit 217 in a manner thatprovides improvement in image quality during trick play operation.

The error concealment circuit's processing logic provides further errorconcealment during trick play operation by performing interpolation orextrapolation of motion vectors as appropriate for the particular trickplayback speed being implemented. For example, during trick playoperation the error concealment circuit 220 could sum the motionvectors, supplied by the VTR via the video decoder circuit 217, over thenumber of frames appropriate to the trick play speed-up ratio.Alternatively, the error concealment circuit 220 can multiply the rangeof the motion vector for one frame to cover the extend range to the nextdisplayed image frame, or segment of a frame, at the selected trick playspeed-up ratio. It should be noted that such motion vector processing togenerate trick play motion vectors is unnecessary where the transmitter100 or the VTR already generated trick play motion vectors and the VTRsupplies these trick play motion vectors to the receiver 200.

The error concealment circuit 220 accepts commands from the VTR whichinstruct the error concealment circuit 220 on how to perform errorconcealment during trick play operation. For example, the VTR mayinstruct frame skipping during fast forward or the repetition of blocksof data from previous frames to conceal missing data. The errorconcealment circuit 220 supplies the filtered and processed video data,including trick play motion vectors, to the video decoder circuit 217for use in generating the video decoder's video output signal.

The video decoder circuit 217 decodes the codeword data stream receivedfrom the priority decoder 214 and uses the error concealment signalsreceived from the error concealment circuit 220 to correct for errors ordistortions in each video frame.

The video decoder circuit 217 outputs a video signal, through a videodecoder module output which is adapted for coupling to a video displaycircuit. The display circuit converts the video signal into a videoimage which can be viewed, e.g., on a cathode ray tube or a liquidcrystal display device.

Referring now to FIG. 10, there is illustrated a VTR recording circuit300 according to one embodiment of the present invention. The VTRrecording circuit 300 comprises a trick play data select control circuit346 and a set of recording heads 340. The trick play data select controlcircuit 346 monitors the position of the heads relative to individualsegments of the tape track and determines, using a map or other storeddata indicating the type and placement of fast scan tracks and ormulti-speed playback tracks supported by a particular VTR, when theheads of the VTR are over a trick play tape segment into which trickplay data is to be placed. When the heads are positioned over such atrick play segment, the trick play data select signal asserts a selectcontrol circuit 346 which causes trick play data to be written into thetrick play tape segment as will be described below.

The VTR recording circuit 300 supports the recording of trick play datain specific trick play tape segments. The trick play data may comprise asubset of the normal play data, a copy of a subset of the normal playdata, or it may comprise data which are not part of the normal play datastream, e.g., trick play motion vectors.

When a subset of the normal play data is being used as trick play data,the trick play data may be read back and used during both normal playand trick play VTR operation, in such a case, it may be said that thesubset of normal play data constitutes dual purpose data in that thedata is used in both trick play and normal play operation. Accordingly,in such a case, the data segments into which the dual purpose data iswritten serve as both trick play segments and normal play segments. Byrecording subsets of the normal play data so that it can be read andused during both normal and trick play operation, tape storagecapability is maximized.

As described above, during trick play, the VTR's heads trace a differentpath over the tape than during normal playback operation. During normalplayback operation, the VTR's heads trace over a single normal playtrack with each pass of a head across the width of the tape. However,during trick play operation, the heads may pass over segments of severalnormal play tracks during each pass of a head across the width of thetape because of the difference in tape speed and/or direction of tapemotion. Accordingly, during trick play operation it is often the casethat the heads will not pass over the full area of the normal play tapetracks. As described above, when data is encoded using inter-framecoding and then recorded, not necessarily in the same sequence in whichthe data is to be displayed, it becomes difficult to generaterecognizable images from the incomplete pieces of video data read by aVTR during trick play operation. This situation results from the lack ofavailable reference information, i.e. intra-coded frame information,that can result from failing to read all the recorded intra-frame codeddata.

The amount of trick play data that can be read from a given length oftape during trick play operation is only a fraction of the amount ofdata that can be read from the same length of tape during normal play.As described above, the reduced data recovery rate in trick playoperation is a direct function of the decrease in the overall percentageof tape area covered by the heads during trick play operation. As tapespeed increases the percentage of the tape's area that the heads coverdecreases proportionately. Accordingly, during 9× fast forward playback,the amount of data which can be read for a given track length isapproximately 1/9^(th) the amount of data that can be read during normalplayback operation, and approximately 1/3^(rd) the amount of data thatcan be read from the same length of track using the same number of headsat, e.g., 3× trick play operation.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the VTR recording circuit300 records enough selected trick play data in each trick play segmentso that a recognizable image or portion of an image can be produced fromthe data recorded in each particular trick play segment. In addition,these trick play segments are arranged on the tape so that enough datacan be read from the trick play segments at several tape speeds togenerate an acceptable number of recognizable images or portions ofimages during trick play operation at the various playback speeds. Trickplay segments which are arranged in accordance with this embodiment formwhat is refered to as a multi-speed playback track.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the VTR recordingcircuit 300 records trick play data in trick play segments which arearranged for optimal recovery of trick play data during specific trickplay speeds and directions of operation, e.g., at 9× fast forward trickplay operation. Trick play segments arranged in accordance with thisembodiment of the present invention form fast scan tracks.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the VTR recordingcircuit 300, combines the above first two approaches to record selectedtrick play data in trick play segments located on a tape so that asufficient amount of trick play data, to produce recognizable images, isread at several speeds of trick play operation, and so that an optimumamount of trick play data can be read at pre-selected trick play speedsand directions. In this embodiment, trick play segments are arranged ona tape to form fast scan tracks and one or more multi-speed playbacktracks.

Generally, as data is retrieved from the tape during trick playoperation small parts of an entire frame are decoded. It is thesedecodable portions of a frame, i.e., portions of a picture or image,that are recorded in the trick play segments. In the case of AD HDTV,the smallest block of data that can be fully decoded is a slice. If thestart of a slice, i.e., the slice header is retrieved, the data for thatslice can be decoded. A partial slice can be decoded for data continuousfrom the start of the slice. If enough data is recovered to decode anentire slice then the portion of the image which, in the case of ADHDTV, comprises a long horizontal region of 16 pixels high by 176 pixelswide will be generated and placed into a frame buffer for displaying atthe location on the screen which corresponds to the address of theslice.

The slices which may be stored in the trick play segments need notcorrespond to contiguous areas on the screen and data for all regions ofeach individual frame need not be stored in the trick play segments. Aswill be described below, error concealment may be used to concealmissing sections or areas of a frame. For example, to conceal a missingsection the data for the missing section may be repeated from theprevious frame. Thus, at the start of each frame display time, the framebuffer may contain newly decoded data recently read from the tape andpossibly repeated data from the previous frame which was just displayed.

In the case of a multi-speed playback track, the data stored in thetrick play segments may comprise scattered slices of video datacorresponding to generally scattered areas of the screen. Each trickplay segment may not contain enough data to generate an entire frame.Thus, the resulting image from data read from a multi-speed playbacktrack may include many areas of the image which are from previous framesand some which are from the most recently read and decoded trick playdata blocks. Over a series of frames the old data may span back manyframes. Accordingly, the resulting image sequence may not have atemporally coherent frame, i.e., the frame being displayed may not bemade up of data which belongs only to that frame. Thus, an imagegenerated from a multi-speed playback track may include disjointed partsof frames from different points in time joined together to form acomplete image. In some cases, the slices of such a trick play image maybe of full resolution or nearly full resolution. Despite the lack oftemporal coherency and low image quality, the generated image duringtrick play operation is usually recognizable.

In the case of a fast scan track, in one embodiment, a set of datasufficient to generate a complete frame, is recorded in the plurality oftrick play segments which comprise each fast scan track. During trickplayback operation the data in each fast scan track may be read anddecoded to generate a complete image. To remain within the dataconstraints imposed by the data storage capability of a fast scan track,the resolution of an image may have to be reduced for storing in a fastscan track. Controlled sectioning of a frame may be used if a fast scantrack does not have sufficient data capability to support the storing offull images in the fast scan track. For example, large portions of aframe, e.g., the top or bottom half, can be stored in fast scan tracksin a temporally coherent manner with the size of the temporally coherentcontiguous sections of a frame being an important factor in determiningimage quality. In other embodiments, the data necessary to generate acomplete frame can be recorded in the trick play segments of severalfast scan tracks or the data necessary to generate a recognizableportion of an image can be recorded in one or more trick play segmentsof a fast scan track.

Referring now to FIG. 12 (a), there is illustrated a portion of amagnetic tape 501. Tracks T1 500, T2 502, T3 504 and T4 506 areillustrated as being perpendicular to the length of the tape 501,however, it is to be understood that these tracks are actually on adiagonal as described previously with regard to normal play tape tracks.In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the VTRrecording circuit 300 records sufficient data to generate a recognizableimage into each trick play tape segment. It then records the trick playsegments in such a manner that the geometric arrangement, formed by thetrick play segments of the tape, insures that at least some of the datain the trick play segments will be read during VTR trick play operation.Such an arrangement insures that a sufficient amount of trick play datawill be read to produce at least a minimal series of trick play imagesor portions of images, over a wide range of playback speeds regardlessof the direction of tape motion.

One way for the VTR to achieve such a geometric arrangement of trickplay segments on a tape is to position a series of contiguous or nearcontiguous trick play segments parallel to the length of the tape. Suchan arrangement of trick play segments is illustrated in FIG. 12 (a)wherein trick play segments (TP) 508, 510, 512, 514 are illustrated asbeing located contiguous to one another, forming a series of trick playsegments 508, 510, 512, 514 that runs parallel to the length of thetape. Normal play segments, indicated by the letter NP in FIG. 12 (a),may be located in the area not used by the trick play segments 508, 510,512, 514. By recording trick play data in trick play segments arrangedin such a manner, i.e., parallel to the length of the tape, amulti-speed playback track 509 is created down the length of the tape501. The shaded region in FIG. 12 (a), comprising trick play segments508, 510, 512, 514 forms such a multi-speed playback track 509. Whilethe multi-speed playback track can be recorded at any position relativeto the tape's width, one suitable position is in the center of the tapewhere tape contact with the VTR's heads is the most uniform and thusoptimum data recording and reading is possible.

When trick play blocks are arranged in such a manner to form amulti-speed playback track, the playback heads of a VTR will always passover some of the trick play blocks recorded in the trick play segments508, 510, 512, 514 during trick play operation each time the headstraverse the width of the tape 501. Accordingly, as the heads rotateduring trick play operation, they are guaranteed to pass over some trickplay segments which contain enough trick play data to generate arecognizable image of portion of an image, regardless of the speed ordirection of trick play operation. From the data in the trick playsegments which are read, the VTR will be able to produce at least somerecognizable images or portions of images regardless of the trick playspeed or direction of playback operation.

Various additional embodiments of such a multi-speed playback trackarrangement are illustrated in FIGS. 12 (b) through 12 (d).

As illustrated in FIG. 12 (b) the multi-speed playback track 522 maycontain some non-trick play segments, e.g., normal play segment 524. Asillustrated, the trick play segments on tape 503 need not be completelycontiguous to form an acceptable multi-speed playback track 522.However, the number of discontinuities in the fast scan track 522 shouldbe kept low enough that the number of trick play segments 516, 518, 520,than will be read during trick play operation, is sufficient to maintainan acceptable display rate of trick play images over the range of trickplay speeds implemented by a VTR. Accordingly, because the number oftrick play segments for a given capacity of tape that are read duringrelatively low fast forward and reverse speeds of trick play operationis greater than at higher speeds of trick play operation, the amount ofdiscontinuity in the location of trick play segments which form amulti-speed playback track intended to support only low fast forward andreverse speeds, can be greater than the amount of discontinuity in amulti-speed playback track intended to support both high and low speedfast forward and reverse playback operations.

As illustrated in FIG. 12 (c), a plurality of multi-speed playbacktracks 540, 542 may be recorded on a single tape 541. As illustrated inFIG. 12 (c) trick play segments comprising each of the multi-speedplayback tracks 542, 540 are recorded parallel to the length of the tapeas in the case of a tape with a single multi-speed playback track.

In such an embodiment, the use of multiple multi-speed playback tracks540, 542 results in an increase in the number of trick play segmentswhich will be read during trick play operation. However, as the numberof multi-speed tracks and thus trick play segments is increased for agiven tape area, the amount of space available for normal play datadecreases resulting in increased tape area requirements. By using dualpurpose data blocks, i.e. blocks of data which are used during normalplay and trick play operation, the additional tape burdens imposed byincreased numbers of trick play data blocks can be minimized.

As described above, two channel VTR systems are capable of handlinghigher data rates than single channel systems because two heads readdata simultaneously from the tape. Accordingly, VTR systems whichsupport two data channels are particularly well suited for handling thehigher data rates required by the various proposed HDTV systems.

FIG. 12 (d) illustrates a multi-speed playback track arrangement whichis implemented for a VTR system having two data channels per track. Asillustrated in FIG. 12 (d), a tape 550 comprises a series of normal playtracks T1 through T12. As illustrated each track T1 through T12comprises a first and second channel, channel A and channel B,respectively. A multi-speed playback track 552, indicated by the shadedregion, is located near the center of the tape and runs parallel to thelength of the tape 550. Normal play tape segments are located above andbelow the trick play tape segments comprising the multi-speed playbacktrack 552. In such a two-channel system, each data channel of a tapetrack comprises a series of tape segments. As with segments of anordinary track, these segments can be either fast scan or normal playsegments. Accordingly, as illustrated, the multi-speed playback track552 comprises a series of contiguous or near contiguous trick playsegments, e.g. trick play segments 553, 554, 555, 556 belonging to eachdata channel of each track, the contiguous trick play segments beingarranged parallel to the length of the tape 550.

In such an embodiment, the trick play data written into the trick playsegments of each channel of a particular track may be selected tocompliment the data in the other trick play segments of the otherchannel. For example, while it may be possible to record sufficienttrick play data in each trick play segment 553, 554 of track 1 toproduce, e.g., a very low quality image, it may be desirable to selectand record data in each of the segments 553, 554 so a low quality imagecan be reproduced from either segment alone or a higher quality imagecan be produced when the data in both segments of a particular track areread during trick play. In one embodiment of the present invention, theVTR recording circuit 300 records multiple copies of the same fast scantrack data into several trick play data segments which comprise amulti-speed playback track. In this manner, the VTR may obtain enoughtrick play data to fill all trick play segments in a multi-speedplayback track without having to generate unique data for all trick playsegments. In a case where there is only a limited amount of very usefultrick play data available, copying the data into more than one trickplay segment of a multi-speed play back track increases the probabilitythat data will be read during trick play operation. Accordingly, in sucha case, it may be better to repeat the same trick play data in severaltrick play segments than to put lower quality trick play data into someof the trick play segments comprising the multi-speed fast scan track.

As described above, in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention, the VTR locates trick play data segments on a tape in ageometric arrangement designed to maximize the amount of data recoveredduring trick play operation at a particular trick play speed anddirection. As described above, during trick play operation, a VTR'sheads may pass over several tracks during each pass across the width ofthe tape. The angle at which the heads will pass over the tracks ispredictable for any given tape speed and direction. The VTR of thepresent invention takes advantage of this fact by locating trick playsegments, for a particular trick play speed and direction, e.g. 9× fastforward, along the diagonal located at the specific angle the VTR'sheads will cross the tape's tracks, during trick play operation at aparticular speed and direction. As described above, the trick playsegments passed over by the VTR's tape heads during each pass across thewidth of the tape during trick play operation form a fast scan trackcorresponding to a particular speed and direction of operation.

To insure that the VTR's heads pass over the fast scan tracks comprisedof a plurality of trick play segments, the VTR must employ a separatetracking servo control circuit 422 for each speed and direction of fastscan track operation which is supported. Alternatively, a single servocontrol circuit capable of controlling tracking at multiple speeds anddirections may be employed. Such a fast scan tracking servo controlcircuit 422 is required in addition to the tracking servo controlcircuit 420 used during normal trick play operation. For example, for aVTR implementing fast scan track for 3× fast forward and 9× fast forwardtrick play operation, the VTR would require a normal play tracking servocontrol circuit, a 3× fast forward tracking servo control circuit and a9× fast forward tracking servo control circuit.

Accordingly, to read data from a fast scan track, a servo mechanism suchas the servo control module 414 which can maintain accurate trackingduring trick play operation is required. The servo control module 414includes the trick play servo control circuit 422 which includescircuitry similar to the normal play servo control circuit 420 but alsoincludes additional circuitry to facilitate fast scan tracking throughthe use of data signals refered to as data aids. The fast scan trackingservo control circuit 422 is coupled to the playback packet filter 406and receives data signals used for controlling the fast scan tracking aswill be described.

Standard techniques for tracking in digital tape recorders use a linearcontrol track recorded along the edge of the tape. This control trackincludes a pulse code which indicates the start of a track. Recoveringthis pulse code can be used to accurately control the tape speed tomaintain alignment between the heads and tracks during normal play. Intrick play, the control track can still be read but, in accordance withthe present invention, the feedback loop which controls tape speed ischanged to allow closed loop control of the speed during trick playoperation.

In addition to the control track, there is data written with each packetonto the tape which identifies, e.g., the track, channel, block, andplayback data stream of a particular packet. The playback packet filter406 reads this data from the retrieved data stream and generates asignal to the trick play servo control circuit 422 indicating to thetrick play servo control circuit 422 where the heads are located overthe tape relative to the normal play and fast scan tracks. Thisinformation is then used to finely adjust the tape speed to optimizefast scan tracking. For example, if the identifying data indicated thatthe head was switching tracks too early and reading packets from thenormal play segment preceding a trick play segment, then the tape speedwhich is controlled by the trick play servo control circuit 422, duringtrick play operation, could be adjusted by briefly slowing the tapespeed to correctly position the head 440 over the selected fast scantrack.

Such a data aided search scheme is used to locate a particular fast scantrack for a selected speed and direction of VTR operation after thetransients of switching into trick play operation have settled. The databeing recovered from the tape once in trick play operation is used toadjust the location of the heads over the tape. Using a stored map oftrick play and normal play segments, a trajectory for moving the headsto the fast scan track can be plotted. This trajectory is used tocommand the tape speed. Once the heads have reached the fast scan track,the trick play servo control circuit 422 maintains control of the tapespeed to insure that the heads remain positioned so that they pass overthe fast scan tracks for a selected speed and direction.

The use of a data aided servo mechanism makes it possible to improvetracking performance in the presence of track non-linearities. Becausethe heads cross several tracks in trick play operation, tracknon-linearities are manifested as differences in position over tapesegments and the data blocks recorded in such segments when the tracksare crossed. This information could be used to plot how the track shapechanges relative to an ideal linear track. In one embodiment of thepresent invention, the control circuit 422 operates as an adaptiveservomechanism which adjusts to these non-linearities and continuallyadjusts the tape speed or moves the heads on a floating head mechanismduring each pass of a head 440 across the width of the tape in order tominimize head tracking errors.

Referring now to FIG. 13a, there is illustrated a fast scan trackarrangement for 9× fast forward speed. As illustrated, a tape 600comprises a series of normal play tracks T1 through T18. Each normalplay track T1 through T18 contains both normal play segments indicatedby the white areas and trick play segments indicated by the shadedareas.

During 9× fast forward trick play operation, the VTR's heads pass oversegments of 9 normal play tracks. In accordance with the presentinvention, trick play data are placed in these tape segments to form 9×fast scan tracks 602, 604. Thus, using this approach, it is possible toread approximately 1/9th of the data that is recorded on a tape during9× trick play speed if co-located heads are used to permit the readingof all the data which the heads pass over. Alternatively, without theuse of co-located heads, it will be possible to read only about half ofthe data passed over by the VTR's heads during trick play mode becauseof the alternating azimuths at which the data in the tracks are written.Accordingly, without the use of co-located heads only about one half ofthe data in each fast scan track can be recovered. Thus, without usingco-located heads, it would be possible to read approximately 1/18th ofthe data recorded on a tape during 9× fast forward trick play operation.

A small amount of data in each trick play segment will be unreadablebecause of track switching and/or tracking errors. The area from whichdata can not be recovered due to track switching loss is illustrated inFIG. 13 (a) by the black portions located at the edges of each trickplay segment of fast scan tracks 602, 604.

Referring now to FIG. 13 (b), there is illustrated a tape with both 7×reverse fast scan tracks and 9× fast forward fast scan tracks recordedon the tape in accordance with the present invention. As illustrated,the 7× reverse fast scan track is sloped in the opposite direction fromthe 9× fast forward fast scan track. Furthermore, it is located at asteeper angle corresponding to the angle that the VTR's heads will passover the track during 7× reverse trick play operation. It should benoted that during N× fast forward speed, the heads pass over N normalplay tracks each time the heads pass over the width of the tape andthus, a fast scan track for N× fast forward speed normally comprises Ntrick play segments per track. However, during N× reverse speed trickplay operation, the heads pass over N+2 normal play track segments.Accordingly, a reverse fast scan track normally comprises N+2 trick playsegments. Thus, as illustrated in FIG. 13 (b), each 7× reverse fast scantrack comprises 9 trick play segments.

Referring now to FIG. 13 (c), there is illustrated the fast scan trackpattern for 3× fast scan tracks which a head, 2 channel VTR can read. Asdescribed above, a 2 channel VTR comprises a minimum of 4 heads, H1A,H1B, H2A, H2b of FIG. 13 (c), with at least one pair of heads havingmutually different azimuths being mounted 180° apart on the VTR's rotaryhead cylinder.

As illustrated, each one of the pair of heads (H1A, H1B) and (H2A, H2B)trace over a different one third portion of each normal play track.However, because the heads can only read data contained in channelswritten by a head of the same azimuth, only one half of the data passedover by the heads can be read. The area of the tape which can be readduring 3× fast forward speed, and which therefore comprises the 3× fastforward fast scan track is indicated by the shaded areas. Note that thelightly shaded areas indicate areas where data recovery is uncertain dueto possible track switching and/or, tracking errors, while the darkshade region indicates areas where data recovery is always possibleduring trick play operation.

FIG. 13 (d) is similar to FIG. 13 (c) in that both figures illustrate 3×fast scan track patterns for 2 channel VTRs. However, FIG. 13 (d)illustrates the data that can be recovered by an 8 head VTR whichincludes co-located heads which permit the reading of all tape areaspassed over by the VTR's heads. Accordingly, an 8 head, 2 channel VTRcan read all the data that can be written in a 3× fast forward fast scantrack while a 4 head, 2 channel VTR can only read one half of the trickplay data. By adding additional heads data recovery during trick playoperation can be increased. For example, a 16 head, 2 channel VTR withdual-azimuth co-located heads could recover twice as much data as an 8head VTR when operating in 3× fast forward trick play operation.

By defining tape formats so that fast scan tracks are defined to includeall areas that are passed over by a VTR's heads, during a particularspeed and direction of trick play operation, it is possible to maintaincompatibility between VTR's with co-located heads and those without.However, VTR's without co-located heads will be limited to reading onlyone half the data a VTR with co-located heads will be capable of readingfrom a fast scan track. Accordingly, VTR's with co-located heads will beable to produce more images and/or images of higher quality than a VTRwithout co-located heads will be able to produce during trick playoperation.

To be useful, fast scan tracks must be able to store enough data, thatcan be read during trick play mode, to support a reasonable image rateduring trick play operation. Accordingly, recording data to optimizefast scan track data capacity is important so that a sufficient numberof images and/or portions of images of sufficient image quality will beproduced during trick play operation. One way to optimize trick playdata capacity is to write the most important trick play data of eachtrick play segment in the center of the trick play segment where it ismost likely to be read.

An additional approach to optimizing data recovery during trick playoperation using fast scan tracks is to write a duplicate copy of trickplay data above and below the center portion of each trick play tapesegment of a fast scan track so that one copy of the duplicated datawill be read during trick play operation regardless of tracking errors.This approach will now be discussed in greater detail.

The amount of data that a VTR can read from a fast scan track is afunction of tracking accuracy which controls how accurately the VTR'sheads will pass over a fast scan track when recording to or reading fromthe track.

Each VTR's linearity head tolerances determine how accurate the tracksare written by a given machine. The tracks must meet a minimum level oflinearity for tapes to be interchangeable between VTRs. That is, theshape of the tracks must be similar enough to those of another VTR sothat either VTR can read the track.

Tape linearity affects the amount of data that can be recovered duringtrick play operation from fast scan tracks because different VTRs may berequired to read fast scan tracks written by another VTR. Referring nowto FIG. 14 (a) there is illustrated a tape section with one normal playtrack 700 which comprises two channels, channel A 702 and channel B 704.Solid vertical lines are used to indicate the nominal position of thetrack on the tape. Dotted and dashed vertical lines are used to indicatepossible track displacement from the nominal position due to linearityerrors at recording time. Solid diagonal lines are used to indicate thepath head HA1 that a 4 head, 2-channel VTR will trace over the track 700during 3× fast forward trick play operation. Dashed diagonal lines areused to indicate the path head HB1 of a 4 head 2 channel VTR will traceover the track 700 during 3× fast forward trick play.

As illustrated in FIG. 14 (a), the width of the path traced by each ofthe heads HA1, HB1 is 1.5 times the width of the recorded data channelsA and B. Furthermore, it should be noted that a VTR head must pass over,at a minimum, about 3/4 of a recorded channel's width to be able to readthe recorded data in the particular channel.

A track being off linear may be thought of as being displaced left orright of the desired track position by an amount ΔT, as illustrated inFIG. 14 (a). When a head is scanning across several tracks in trick playmode, it intersects and passes over the offset track at a positioneither offset in a direction above or below the nominal intersectionposition that would have resulted if the track were located at thenominal track position. A perfectly linear track would produce the datain region B, i.e., the normal track cross area, of FIG. 14 (a) when readin trick play. The offset track would return the data in region B*+,i.e., the late track cross region, or in region B*-, i.e., the earlytrack cross region, depending on whether the track 700 was offset rightor left.

As illustrated , a track offset ΔT to the right results in heads HA1 andHB1 passing over the trick play segment at a position slightly offset,in an upward direction, from the nominal track cross region B. Thisresults in the heads HA1 and HA2 reading the data in the late trackcross region B*+. However, a track offset ΔT to the left results inheads HA1 and HB1 passing over the trick play segment at a positionslightly offset, in a downward direction, from the nominal region B.This results in the heads HA1 and HA2 reading the data in the earlytrack cross region B*-.

It is evident from FIG. 14 (a) that there are small regions, just aboveand below the solid and dashed slanted lines indicating the path ofheads HA1 and HB1, that are not common to all of the 3 possible trackingcases, while the slant region in the center, illustrated by the blackrectangular area, will always fall within the tracking tolerances, andbe read during trick play operation.

To insure that the same data is recovered regardless of the differentpossible tracking error cases described above, data can be written intothe track region which is common in all of the above described trackingcases. In addition, data can be duplicated and recorded, as will bedescribed below, into the regions just above and below the central trickplay segment region which is read during all three of the abovedescribed tracking cases. Such duplication of data maximizes the amountof data that can be consistently recovered during trick play mode whilereducing storage efficiency because of the need to duplicate some of thetrick play data.

The various data regions, i.e., the normal, late and early track crossregions, B, B*+, and B*-, respectively, of a trick play segment, areillustrated in greater detail in FIG. 14 (b). As illustrated, a trickplay segment 750, can be thought of as comprising 5 data regions forfast scan track purposes, a central region 753, an inner upper region752, an inner lower region 754, an outer upper region 751 and an outerlower region 755. The inner upper region 752 is located adjacent to butjust above the central region 753 while the inner lower region islocated adjacent but just beneath the central region 753. The outsideupper region 751 is located adjacent to and above the inner upper region752 while the outer lower region 755 is located adjacent to and belowthe inner lower region 754.

As described above, the data within the central region 753 will be readin all three tracking cases because it is within tracking tolerances.Accordingly, data packets i though j which are recorded in this regionneed not be duplicated. The data in the regions 751, 752, 754, 755 mayor may not be read depending on the degree of tracking error.Accordingly, the data in these regions are duplicated to take intoaccount the possible regions a VTR head may pass over during trick playdue to tape tracking errors.

In accordance with the present invention, data packets 0 through i-1which are recorded in the inner lower trick play tape segment region 754are duplicated in the outer upper trick play segment region 751 in casethey are missed because of a tracking error which results from the VTR'sheads passing over the trick play segment at a position offsetvertically above the nominal head tracking path, e.g. as in the case ofa late start in the heads passing over the trick play segment 750. Inaddition, data packets j+1 through n, which are recorded in the innerupper region 752, are duplicated in the outer lower region 755 in casethe VTR's heads fail to pass over the upper inner fast scan tracksegment region 752 because a tracking error has resulted from the headsbeing offset in a downward direction, e.g. in the case of an early startin the heads passing over the trick play segment 750.

By duplicating the data in the fast scan track regions 751, 752, 754,755, surrounding the center region 753 of a fast scan track segment, inthe above described manner, it is possible to maximize the amount ofdata that can be reliably recovered from a trick play segment duringtrick play operation. For example, while only data packets i through jof the trick play segment 750, illustrated in FIG. 14 (b), could bereliably read without duplication of trick play data, duplicating trickplay data packets 0 through i, and j+1 through n, contained in the trickplay segment 750, in the above described manner, will permit these datapackets to be reliably read as well.

In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, the useof multi-speed playback tracks and fast scan tracks is combined. In suchan embodiment, the VTR is capable of generating some images from the useof the multi-speed playback track over a wide range of trick playbackspeeds and directions of operation. In addition, fast scan tracksprovide better quality and/or more recognizable images during particularpre-selected trick play speeds and directions of operation.

For example, as illustrated in FIG. 15, a tape 800 may include both a 9×fast forward fast scan track 804 and a multi-speed playback track 802.Various other combinations of the numerous fast scan and multi-speedplayback tracks are possible, e.g., a multi-speed playback track, a 3×fast forward fast scan track and a 9× fast forward fast scan track.

When implementing special purpose tracks such as multi-speed playbacktracks, fast scan tracks, or any combination of them, minimizing theamount of additional tape required as a result of the use of suchspecial purpose tracks is an important consideration.

One way to reduce the amount of tape required to implement such tracksis to use as many dual or multi-purpose data blocks as possible. Forexample, it may be possible to place a data block which can be used atone or more playback speeds, i.e., a multi-purpose data block, at alocation where two or more special play tracks intersect. Anotheralternative is to locate the normal play data on the tape in such amanner that a subset of the data which can be used for trick playoperation, i.e. dual purpose data, is located in tape segments which aretrick play segments. By doing this, it is possible to record one fastscan or multi-speed playback track on the tape without duplicating anydata. The dual purpose data in the trick play segments will then be usedfor both normal and trick play operation.

As described above, low speed fast forward fast scan tracks contain moredata than high speed fast scan tracks and therefore occupy more tapespace. Accordingly, when implementing both high and low speed fast scantracks on a single tape, it is preferably to implement the low speedfast scan track, e.g., a 3× fast forward fast scan track, by arrangingthe normal play data so that the dual purpose data can be used for thelow speed fast scan track. In this manner, the low speed fast scan trackdoes not require duplication of data and doesn't require the use of anyadditional tape. The high speed fast scan track implemented on the sametape may then be recorded using a sub-set of the normal play data whichis duplicated and recorded in the 9× fast scan track segments.Accordingly, since the trick play data that is duplicated is for thehigh speed fast scan track, e.g., a 9× trick play speed, the amount ofduplicated data will be less than the amount of data that would have hadto been duplicated for a slower speed fast scan track.

Thus, tape space is used in a more efficient manner than if the lowspeed fast scan track had been implemented using duplicate data.

Various data may be selected for recording in each trick play segment ofa fast scan track. For example, each trick play segment may be filledwith enough information to generate an image during trick play, or thedata from several trick play segments may be used to generate a higherquality image than is possible with the limited amount of data that canbe recovered in a single fast scan track segment. Furthermore, a singletrick play segment located, e.g., at an intersection of fast scantracks, may contain data packets useful for each one of the fast scantracks which intersect at the particular trick play segment. Such datapackets are identified by their headers for use at a particular trickplay speed and direction. Accordingly, while a single fast scan tracksegment may contain data packets for multiple trick play speeds ofoperation, only ones designated for use at the actual playback speedwill be used. In addition, particular individual data packets may bedesignated for use at several different playback speeds as isappropriate because of the particular data packer's contents.

The VTR recording circuit 300 may further comprise an antenna 302coupled to a tuner module 304. The tuner module 304 is the same as, orsimilar to, the tuner module 204 of FIG. 9. The antenna 302 and tunermodule 304 may be directly incorporated into the VTR, in which case nodigital VTR port is required to connect them to the recording circuit300 or, alternatively, they may be part of a digital VTR compatiblereceiver circuit such as the one illustrated in FIG. 9. When the tunermodule 304 is part of the receiver circuit 200, it is coupled to the VTRrecording circuit via a digital VTR port as illustrated in FIGS. 9 and10.

The VTR recording circuit 300 of the present invention further comprisesa trick play data processing circuit 342, a normal play data processingcircuit 344, a trick play data select control circuit 346, a data selectmultiplexer (MUX) 314, a modulation circuit 320, and recording heads340. The trick play data processing circuit 342 selects and processesdata from the video/audio transport data packet stream for recording infast scan track segments while the normal play data processing circuit344 receives and processes data in the video/audio data packet streamfor recording in track segments which are read from during normalplayback operation.

The normal play data processing circuit 344 comprises a VTR framing anderror correction code (ECC) circuit 316 and a data shuffling circuit318. An error detected signal output and a video/audio transport datapacket output of the tuner module 304 are coupled to the correspondinginputs of the VTR framing and ECC circuit 316. The VTR framing and ECCcircuit 316 receives the video/audio transport data packets from thetuner module 304 and adds additional header information to each packetwhich identifies the information pertinent to retrieval during VTRplayback operation. The framing and ECC circuit 316 is also responsiblefor arranging the data packets into data blocks and adding ECCinformation to each data block. The ECC information is recorded witheach block of data and is used for correcting data errors when readingthe data packets from a recorded data block.

The framing and ECC circuit 316 has a data block output which is coupledto a corresponding input of the data shuffling circuit 318. The datashuffling circuit 318 receives the data blocks output by the framing andECC circuit 316 and shuffles the data bytes within the individual datablocks, each of which is protected from errors by a separate set of ECCbits, to allow for dispersal of short burst errors throughout the dataso that the maximum amount of data, in any particular sequence, that iseffected by the burst error, is small enough that the error can becorrected using the data block's ECC bits.

The data shuffling circuit 318 outputs blocks of data via a data blockoutput which is coupled to a normal play data block input of the dataselect MUX 314.

The trick play data processing circuit 318 comprises a data filter 308,a VTR framing and ECC circuit 310 and a data shuffling circuit 312. Thedata filter 308 receives the video/audio transport data packets outputby the tuner module 304 via a video/audio transport data packet inputwhich is coupled to the corresponding output of the tuner module 304.

The data filter 308 examines the headers contained in each transportdata packet. Using the information in the headers, the data filter 308identifies the priority level, as assigned by the transmitter'sprioritizer 104, the type of data contained in each transport datapacket and any other information needed to sort the data packets basedon their utility for use in generating images during trick playoperation. In one embodiment, the data filter 308 includes a variablelength decoding circuit for performing variable length decoding on thedata so that the data filter 308 can examine the data and informationcontained in each transport data packet.

The data filter 308 is designed so that it selects the highest prioritydata available from the transport data packet stream for recording infast scan track segments on a space available basis, i.e., it selectsthe amount of data that the particular VTR circuit 300 can record in thelimited size trick play segments. The data filter 308 may include a mapof the trick play segments and/or a list of fast scan or multi-speedplayback tracks supported by the particular VTR. It may use this storedinformation in determining the amount and type of data to select forrecording in the fast scan track segments. The placement and datalimitations of such trick play segments will be discussed further below.

In VTRs which receive transport data packets which contain data that wasnot prioritized for trick play operation prior to transmission, or whichare not suitably identified through the use of appropriate headers suchas the one illustrated in FIG. 8 (a), the data filter 308 may include adecoder circuit, and a prioritizer circuit. The decoder circuit is usedto decode the transport data packets to the extent necessary forprioritization. The data filter's prioritizer, which may be the same asor similar to the prioritizer 104 of the present invention, is then usedto prioritize the data based on its utility for generating an imageduring trick play operation. Based on the output of the prioritizer, thedata filter 308 proceeds to sort the data as described above in the caseof a transport data packet stream containing data that was prioritizedbefore transmission. After sorting the decoded and de-packetized data,the data are re-encoded and re-packetized using an encoder and apacketizer which may also be incorporated into the data filter 308. Byre-encoding and repacketizing the sorted, decoded, and depacketizeddata, the data filter 308 generates a stream of data packets that willbe recognizable to a video decoder.

In the above manner, the data filter 308 selects particular data packetsfrom the video/audio data packet stream for recording in fast scan tracksegments. The data filter 308 has a trick play data packet output whichis coupled to a corresponding input of the VTR framing and ECC circuit310. The VTR framing and ECC circuit 310 also has an error detectedinput coupled to the error detected output of the tuner module 304.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the data filter 308, islocated outside both the trick play data processing circuit 342 and thenormal play data processing circuit 344. The data filter 308 receivesthe video/audio transport data packets from, e.g., the tuner module 304and sorts the data into trick play data packets which are supplied tothe trick play data processing circuit 342, and into normal play datapackets which are supplied to the normal play data processing circuit344. The trick play data packets output by the data filter 308 mayinclude duplicates of data packets sent to the normal play dataprocessing circuit 344.

The trick play circuit's VTR framing and ECC circuit 310 receives thevideo/audio transport data packets from the data filter 308 and addsadditional header information to each packet which identifies theinformation pertinent to retrieval during VTR trick play operation. Suchheader information may include an identifier as to what particular trickplay speed of operation, e.g., 9× fast forward, and thus what particularfast scan track, a particular data packet is assigned. The VTR framingand ECC circuit 310 arranges the data packets into trick play datablocks which may be of different sizes depending on the size of thetrick play segments into which the trick play data blocks are to bewritten. For example, in generating trick play data blocks for recordingin trick play tape segments of a 9× fast scan track, the VTR framing andECC circuit 310 may generate trick play data blocks roughly one thirdthe size of trick play data blocks generated for recording in trick playtape segments of a 3× fast scan track. Such adjustments in block sizefor different fast scan tracks accommodates the different trick playsegment sizes which are smaller for higher trick play speeds.

The VTR framing and ECC circuit 310 also generates ECC information whichcan be added to each trick play data block which it creates from thetrick play data packets. Alternatively, ECC information may be generatedfor a group, e.g. three, trick play data blocks with the ECC informationbeing added to the last trick play data block in the group. The numberof data blocks in a group may be selected so that the length of eachgroup of trick play data packets approximates the length of a normalplay data block recorded on the tape. Attaching the ECC coding to thelast trick play data block in a group of data blocks, approximatelyequal in size to a normal play data block, permits for simpler VTRplayback circuity because a VTR's normal error correction circuity canbe used to process the group of data blocks as a single unit.Accordingly, by grouping the trick play data blocks into a group,separate playback error correction circuity need not be required, as maybe the case when ECC coding is generated and added, e.g., attached toeach trick play data block which may be different in size from normalplay data blocks.

Referring now to FIG. 10b, there is illustrated a data block which isrepresentative of one possible format for a data block which may begenerated by the VTR framing and ECC circuit 310 of the presentinvention. As illustrated in FIG. 10b, a data block 309 may comprise,e.g., 66 data packets. Each data packet may comprise 156 bytes of dataincluding a 4 byte header, 147 bytes of packet data and 5 bytes of innertape error correction code bits. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG.10b the tape error correction code is a two dimensional code which isapplied to the contents of the data block 309. The first dimension isthe inner tape error code comprising 5 bytes of parity data computed oneach packet individually and appended to each packet. The seconddimension, the outer tape error correction code, is a 6 byte RS codecomputed down the columns of the block of data packets effectivelycreating 6 new packets of data which contain only parity data. These 6packets of parity data are divided into two sets of 3 packets each whichform a set of outer tape error correction code bits. In the illustratedembodiment of FIG. 10b, one set of outer error correction code bits isappended to the beginning of the data block 309 and the other set ofouter tape error correction code bits is appended to the end of the datablock 309.

Generally, the error correction code bits that are generated by theframing and ECC circuit 310 and which are added to each packet and/orblock of packets before recording will be a Reed Solomon set of codebits. However, the framing and ECC circuit 310 of the present inventionmay be implemented using a wide variety of error correction codingschemes and data block formats.

The VTR framing and ECC circuit 310 has a trick play data block outputwhich is coupled to a corresponding input of the data shuffling circuit312. The data shuffling circuit 312 is the same as, or similar to, thedata shuffling circuit 318 of the normal play data processing circuit318. The data shuffling circuit 312 receives the trick play data blocksoutput by the VTR framing and ECC circuit 310 and shuffles the databytes within each trick play data block, or group of trick play datablocks, which is protected by a separate set of ECC bits. This datashuffling operation my include the case where no data shuffling isperformed.

The data shuffling circuit 312 outputs trick play data blocks via atrick play data block output which is coupled to a trick play data blockinput of the data select MUX 214.

The output of the trick play data select control circuit 346 is coupledto a select input of the MUX 314. The trick play data select controlcircuit 346 monitors head position and is aware of trick play locationson the tape. Accordingly, the trick play data select control circuit 346asserts the select signal so that the trick play data blocks areselected and output by the MUX 314 when the heads 340 are over trickplay tape segments and are recording data. The select signal isdeasserted by the trick play data select control circuit 346, when theheads 340 are over normal play tape segments and are recording data.This causes the data select MUX 314 to output normal play data blockswhen recording data in normal play tape segments.

A data block output of the data select MUX 314 is coupled to acorresponding input of the modulation circuit 320. The modulationcircuit 320 performs 8-10 modulation on the contents of each data block.Thus, 10 bits of data are generated by the modulation circuit 320 foreach 8 bits of data in each data block. Alternatively, the modulationcircuit 320 performs other types of modulation such as miller squaredmodulation. The output of the modulation circuit 320 is coupled to theheads 340 providing them with the signal which is actually recorded onthe tape.

Referring now to FIG. 11, there is illustrated a VTR playback circuit400 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Theplayback circuit 400 comprises playback heads 440, a demodulator circuit401, a data unshuffling circuit 402, and an error correction circuit404. The playback circuit 400 further comprises a playback packet filter406, a VTR command generator 408, a bitstream reformatter 410, and adigital VTR port 412.

The heads 440, which are mounted on a rotary head cylinder, pass overthe tape 11 as the head cylinder rotates during VTR playback operation.The heads read the recorded data on the tape 11 as they pass over thevarious tape segments which comprise the tape's data tracks. A dataoutput of the heads 440 is coupled to the input of a demodulator circuit401. The demodulator circuit 401 receives the data read by the heads 440and demodulates the signal in accordance with the 8-10 modulation schemeused prior to recording of the data. Accordingly, the demodulator 401generates 8 bits of data for every 10 bits of data received from theheads 440 and outputs this data in the form of a stream of normal andtrick play data blocks. The data block output of the demodulator 401 iscoupled to the data unshuffling circuit 402 which re-orders the data inthe received data blocks to undo the data shuffling which was performedprior to recording the data. By unshuffling the data in the data blocks,any burst errors which occurred when recording data to, or reading datafrom, the tape 1 will be distributed throughout the data protected byeach set of ECC bits.

The error correction circuit 404 has a data block input coupled to adata block output of the data unshuffling circuit 402. The errorcorrection circuit 404 decodes the data block headers and each set ofECC bits that were recorded with each data block or group of data blocksread from the tape 1. The error correction circuit performs errorcorrection on the data contained in each block's data packets beforeoutputting the resulting video/audio transport data packets. Ifuncorrectable errors are detected, the error correction circuit 404asserts an error signal.

The error correction circuitry 404 may include special error correctioncircuity for handling trick play data blocks of smaller size than normalplay data blocks. Alternatively, as described above, if the trick playdata blocks were processed to form a group of trick play data blocks,the group being of approximately the same size as a normal play datablock, the same error correction circuity that is used to process normaldata blocks may be used to process each group of trick play data blocksas a unit, if the set of ECC bits for each group of data blocks isattached to the last data block, or added to any of the data blocks inthe group.

A video/audio data packet output of the error correction circuit 404 iscoupled to an input of the playback packet filter 406. The playbackpacket filter 406 examines the headers of each video/audio transportdata packet and determines whether the data packet is for use duringnormal playback operation, trick play operation or both. It alsodetermines what particular playback speed each trick play data packet isto be used with.

A user command input of the playback packet filter 406 is coupled toboth a user command input of the servo control mechanism and the usercommand input of the VTR command generator 408.

Via its user command input, the playback packet filter 406 receives usercommand signals which indicate whether trick playback or normal playbackoperation has been selected.

The playback packet filter 406 only outputs data packets which aredesignated as being for use at the particular playback speed which theVTR is operating at. For example, during normal playback operation theplayback packet filter 406 will only output data packets identified foruse during normal playback operation. Similarly, during 9× fast forwardplayback operation, the playback packet filter 406 will only output datapackets identified for use during 9× fast forward playback operation.

A data packet output of the playback packet filter 406 is coupled to acorresponding input of the bitstream reformatter 410. The bitstreamreformatter 410 arranges the video packets in a manner that isacceptable to a transport and priority decoder such as the transport andpriority decoder 208 illustrated in FIG. 9. During normal play, thereformatter 410 may, e.g., interleave packets of different prioritylevels or added packet headers to form a video/audio transport datapacket stream which is acceptable to the transport and priority decodercircuit 208. During trick play mode, the reformatter 410 may perform theadditional function of inserting VTR commands into the video/audiotransport data packet stream to instruct the transport and prioritydecoder 208 on how to process trick play data correctly. Alternatively,when a receiver is coupled to the VTR via a separate VTR command linethe reformatter 410 may pass such commands to the VTR command generatorfor outputting over the VTR command line.

The VTR command generator 408 has a decoder command input coupled to acommand output of the bitstream reformatter 410, an error signal inputcoupled to an error signal output of the error correction circuit 404,and the user command input. Accordingly, the VTR command generatorreceives as input signals an error signal from the error correctioncircuit 404, user commands from the user command input, e.g., a controlpanel or, in the case of interactive video on demand services, a userinterface for communication via a telephone or cable television link toa remote source, and other commands from the reformatter 410.

The VTR command generator 408 generates error concealment and otherdecoding commands which are supplied to, e.g., the transport andpriority decoder circuit of a receiver. These instructions, i.e., VTRcommand signals, may be used to indicate to a receiver that the VTR isoperating in trick play mode and that particular decoding and/or errorconcealment should be performed.

A VTR command signal output of the VTR command signal generator 408 anda video/audio transport data packet output of the bit stream reformater410 are coupled to corresponding inputs of the digital VTR port. In thismanner, the digital VTR port 412 receives the video audio transport datapacket stream and VTR command signal which it can then supply to, e.g.,a receiver which is coupled to the port 412. Alternatively, the receivermay be included within the VTR, in which case the port 412 would not benecessary and the receiver could provide its output directly to amonitor or to the baseband portion of a television receiver.

In another embodiment of the VTR playback circuit of the presentinvention, the VTR playback circuit 400 further comprises a servocontrol mechanism 414 which supports VTR trick play operation. The VTRplayback circuit's servo control circuit 414 is responsible forpositioning the tape so that the heads pass over the tape tracks in sucha manner that the heads can read or write data to or from the tracks.Accordingly, the servo control mechanism 414 is responsible for tapetracking control.

The servo control mechanism 414 of the present invention comprises atracking control head 424 that is distinct from the read heads 440. Thetracking control head 424 detects the position of the tape 1 andgenerates a tracking control signal. A tracking control head signaloutput is coupled to a control signal input of a normal play servocontrol circuit 420 and to a control signal input of a trick play servocontrol circuit 422. The normal play servo control circuit 420 outputs aservo control signal for controlling tracking during VTR normal playoperation while the trick play servo control circuit 422 generates aservo control signal for controlling tracking during a particular speedof trick play operation, e.g. at 9× fast forward. A separate trick playservo control circuit 422 may be provided for each particular speed offorward or reverse trick play operation that the VTR play back circuit400 supports.

A fast scan tracking select switch 426 is used to couple either theoutput of the normal play control circuit 420 or the trick play servocontrol circuit 422 to the input of the motor control circuit 418. Thefast scan tracking select switch may be operated by, e.g., user commandsinput via an operator control panel. Such user commands indicate whetherfast scan or normal play operation has been selected. For example,during normal VTR playback operation the fast scan tracking selectswitch 426 would supply the normal play tracking control signal to themotor control circuit 418 but when trick play operation was selectedvia, e.g. the operator control panel, the output of the trick play servocontrol circuit 422 would be supplied to the motor control circuit 418.The trick play servo control circuit 422 monitors the signal receivedfrom the tracking control head 424 and detects when the head is over atrick play segment of the fast scan track for the selected trick playspeed and direction. Once a block of the selected trick play speed anddirection is located, the trick play control servo circuit 422 outputsfast scan tracking control signals which are used to insure that properangle and head position relative to the tape occurs for proper trackingof the selected fast scan track.

In response to the tracking control signal received, the motor controlcircuit generates a motor control output signal. A motor control signaloutput of the motor control circuit 418 is coupled to a correspondinginput of a tape positioning motor 416 which operates to adjust thetape's position in response to the motor control signal in order tocontrol tracking accuracy.

While the features of the present invention make the recording andplayback circuits of the present invention particularly well suited toVTR applications, the use of fast scan tracks and recording and playbackcircuits which support their use may be applied to other means ofdigitally storing video data such as laser disk technology. Laser disktechnology provides a storage media for digital video similar to tape inthat recording and recovering data for normal play may be accomplishedin accordance with the present invention, by recording normal play data,e.g. normal play data blocks including data packets, in normal playtrack segments on a laser disk which comprise normal play tracks. In thecontext of a laser disk, a series of fast scan track segments may bearranged to form a fast scan track which is distinct from the normalplay laser disc tracks. The trick play data in such a laser disc fastscan track may comprise a copy of a sub-set of the normal play dataand/or special trick play data such as trick play motion vectors.

In accordance with the present invention, during trick play operation,the media does not change speed, but rather the playback head is movedradially to another track on the disc. In such an embodiment, it isexpected that the track switching transients can be quite severe and theplayback head will not be able to recover data until tracking is lockedonto the new track. For this reason the concept of putting areas oftrick play data distributed across tracks and scanning across multipletracks is not presently suitable in the laser disc context. Thus, thereis no present advantage to intermixing normal play and trick play datablocks in a physical track.

Unlike a tape system, a playback head in a laser disk system can changebetween a large number of tracks relatively quickly. It takes only afraction of a second to move a large number of tracks. Accordingly, totake advantage of these physical characteristics of a video disc system,the trick play segments which comprise a video disc fast scan track arelocated in a single physical location on the disc such as one particularphysical track or series of adjacent physical tracks.

To record trick play data in such video disc fast scan tracks whilesimultaneously recording normal play data as it is being received, e.g.from a tuner module, a video recording circuit similar to the recordingcircuit of FIG. 10 may be used. However, to support the simultaneousrecording of normal play and trick play data to two different tracks ona video disc, the trick play data blocks output by the trick play dataprocessing circuit 342 are supplied to a trick play recording headpositioned over the fast scan tracks on the video disc while the normalplay data processing circuit supplies normal play data blocks to anormal play recording head positioned over a normal play track.

In accordance with the present invention, when trick play is entered,the video disc playback head will move to the laser disk fast scan trackregion of the disc and position itself for reading over the fast scanframe data corresponding to the first fast scan frame subsequent to thenormal frame which the head just completed reading. The fast scan trackscould be indexed and linked to specific frames in the normal datatracks. The head would then trace along the laser disk fast scan tracksrecovering trick play data. When trick play operation is terminated,e.g., by a user command, and the device returns to normal scan, the lastfast scan frame displayed will serve as the index to reposition the headback in the normal scan region of the disk. While the head motion toenter and exit the trick play data region on the disc is notinsignificant, it is only a fraction of a second in which video serviceis interrupted.

The data stored in the trick play region would be of similar content tothe trick play data recorded in the trick play segments of a video tape.Accordingly, a video playback circuit similar to the VTR playbackcircuit 400 may be used to playback data from a video disc. However, inthe video disc context, the heads 440 and the servo control module 414would be optimized for the particular video disc system beingimplemented and would therefore differ from the tape tracking servocontrol module illustrated in FIG. 11.

I claim:
 1. A digital video tape recorder (VTR) circuit for generating adigital video data stream, the video data stream including normal playvideo data output by the digital VTR during normal VTR playbackoperation, and trick play video data and a trick play video dataprocessing command output by the digital VTR during trick playbackoperation, each trick play video data processing command including aninstruction for processing the trick play video data, the trick playvideo data including a subset of the normal play video data, the VTRcircuit comprising:a set of heads for reading data from a tape; abitstream reformatter coupled to the set of heads for generating, fromthe data read from the tape, the normal play video data output by theVTR during normal play operation and the trick play video data read fromthe tape during trick playback operation; and a VTR command generatorcoupled to the bitstream reformatter for generating the trick play videodata processing command output by the digital VTR during trick playbackoperation, each trick play video processing command including aninstruction to process the subset of normal play video data tocompensate for normal play video data intentionally omitted from thetrick play video data.
 2. The VTR circuit of claim 1, furthercomprising:a VTR port coupled to the VTR command generator and thebitstream reformatter for outputting, during normal play operation, thenormal play digital video data and for outputting during trick playvideo operation the trick play video processing command output by theVTR command generator and the trick play video data output by thebitstream reformatter.
 3. The VTR circuit of claim 2, furthercomprising:an error correction circuit coupled to the set of heads andto the VTR command generator circuit for generating and outputting asignal indicating to the VTR command generator circuit when anuncorrectable error has been detected.
 4. The VTR circuit of claim 3,further comprising:a data unshuffling circuit coupled to the set ofheads and to the error correction circuit.
 5. A digital video taperecorder for generating a video data stream, the video data streamincluding normal play video data output by the video tape recorderduring normal video tape recorder playback operation and trick playvideo data output by the video tape recorder during trick playbackoperation, the trick play video data including a subset of the normalplay video data, the digital video tape recorder comprising:a set ofheads for reading video data from a tape; video data processing meansfor generating from the data read from the tape the video data stream;and a video tape recorder command generator circuit for generating acommand during video tape recorder trick play operation instructing areceiver of the command to perform video processing on the trick playvideo data to compensate for normal play video data intentionallyomitted from the subset of normal play video data.
 6. A method ofoperating a digital video tape recorder to generate a digital video datastream, the digital video data stream including normal play video dataoutput by the tape recorder during normal tape recorder playbackoperation, and trick play video data and trick play video dataprocessing commands output by the tape recorder during trick playbackoperation, each trick play video data processing command including aninstruction for processing the trick play video data, the methodcomprising the steps of:reading data from the tape; generating from thedata read from the tape the video data stream, the step of generatingthe video data stream including the steps of:i. during trick play taperecorder operation, processing the data read from the tape to identifytrick play video data, and outputting the trick play video data, thetrick play video data including a subset of normal play video datarecorded on the tape; and ii. generating trick play video dataprocessing commands instructing a device receiving the trick play videodata processing commands to perform video processing to compensate fornormal play video data intentionally omitted from the subset of normalplay video data output by the tape recorder during trick play operation.7. The method of claim 6, where the step of generating trick play videodata processing commands includes the step of:generating a first trickplay video data processing command instructing the device receiving thecommand to inhibit normal play error concealment operations.
 8. Themethod of claim 7, where the step of generating trick play video dataprocessing commands includes the step of:generating a second trick playvideo data processing command instructing the device receiving thecommand to perform temporal filtering of the subset of normal play videodata output by the tape recorder during trick play operation.
 9. Themethod of claim 7, where the step of generating trick play video dataprocessing commands includes the step of:generating a second trick playvideo data processing command instructing the device receiving thecommand to perform spatial filtering of the subset of normal play videodata output by the tape recorder during trick play operation.
 10. Themethod of claim 7, where the step of generating trick play video dataprocessing commands includes the step of:generating a second trick playvideo data processing command instructing the device receiving thecommand to perform temporal and spatial filtering of the subset ofnormal play video data output by the tape recorder during trick playoperation.
 11. A method of operating a digital video tape recordercapable of operating in a normal playback mode to read data representinga full resolution video frame from a tape and capable of operating in atrick play playback mode to read data representing a trick play videoframe from the tape, the data representing the full resolution videoframe including data intentionally omitted from the data representingthe trick play video frame, the method comprising the steps of:readingdata representing a trick play video frame from a tape during the trickplay playback mode of operation; and generating a command instructing adevice receiving the command to perform a video data processingoperation on the data representing the trick play video frame tocompensate for the data, required to form the full resolution videoframe, intentionally omitted from the trick play video frame.
 12. Themethod of claim 11, further comprising the step of:outputting thecommand and the data representing the trick play video frame in a videodata stream.
 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising the stepsof:prior to performing the step of reading data representing the reducedresolution video frame from the tape,i. selecting a subset of video datarepresenting the full resolution video frame to represent the trick playvideo frame; and ii. recording the data representing the reducedresolution video frame on the tape in a location from which the data canbe read during trick play tape recorder operation.
 14. The method ofclaim 11, wherein the command instructs the device receiving the commandto perform spatial filtering on the data representing the trick playvideo frame.
 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the command instructsthe device receiving the command to perform two dimensional spatialfiltering on the data representing the trick play video frame.
 16. Themethod of claim 11, wherein the command instructs the device receivingthe command to perform video image processing that is different than thevideo image processing performed when receiving the full resolutionvideo image frame.
 17. A video playback device for generating fromstored data normal play video data during normal playback operation, andtrick play video data and a trick play video data processing commandduring trick playback operation, the trick play video data including asubset of the normal play video data, the video playback devicecomprising:a bitstream reformatter circuit for generating from thestored data, the normal play video data output by the video playbackdevice during normal play operation and the trick play video data duringtrick playback operation; and a command generator circuit coupled to thebitstream reformatter circuit for generating the trick play video dataprocessing command output by the video playback device during trickplayback operation, the trick play video processing command including aninstruction to process the subset of normal play video data tocompensate for normal play video data intentionally omitted from thetrick play video data.
 18. The video playback device of claim 17,further comprising:means for reading digital video data from a digitaldata storage device.
 19. The video playback device of claim 18, whereinthe video playback device is a digital video tape recorder and whereinthe means for reading digital video data is a set of heads.
 20. A videoplayback device for generating a video data stream, the video datastream including normal play video data output by the video playbackdevice during normal video playback device operation and trick playvideo data output by the video playback device during trick playbackoperation, the trick play video data including a subset of the normalplay video data, the video playback device comprising:a head for readingvideo data from a data storage device; a video data processing circuitcoupled to the head for generating from the data read from the datastorage device the video data stream; and a command generator circuitfor generating a command during trick playback operation instructing areceiver of the command to perform video processing on the trick playvideo data to compensate for normal play video data intentionallyomitted from the subset of normal play video data.
 21. A method ofoperating a digital video playback device to generate a digital videodata stream from stored digital data, the digital video data streamincluding normal play video data output by the digital video playbackdevice during normal playback operation, and trick play video data and atrick play video data processing command output by the video playbackdevice during trick playback operation, the method comprising the stepsof:generating, from the stored digital data, the video data stream, thestep of generating the video data stream including the steps of:i.during trick playback operation, processing the stored digital data toidentify trick play video data, and outputting the trick play videodata, the trick play video data including a subset of normal play videodata; and ii. generating a trick play video data processing commandinstructing a device receiving the trick play video data processingcommand to perform video processing to compensate for normal play videodata intentionally omitted from the subset of normal play video dataoutput by the video playback device during trick play operation.
 22. Avideo device, comprising:a receiver circuit adapted for coupling to avideo playback device and for receiving a video data stream from thevideo playback device, the video data stream including normal play videodata output by the video playback device during normal playbackoperation, and trick play video data output by the video playback deviceduring trick playback operation, the trick play video data including asubset of the normal play video data; and a trick play data processingcircuit coupled to the receiver circuit, for detecting the receipt oftrick play video data from the video playback device and for performingvideo data processing operations on the trick play video data receivedfrom the video playback device to compensate for the absence of normalplay video data intentionally omitted by the video playback device fromthe subset of normal play video data included in the trick play videodata.
 23. A method of receiving and processing video data output by adigital video playback device, the digital video playback deviceoutputting a video data stream including normal play video data duringnormal playback operation, and trick play video data and a trick playvideo data processing command during trick play operation, the trickplay video data including a subset of the normal play video data, themethod comprising the steps of:receiving the trick play video dataincluding the subset of normal play video data output by the videoplayback device during trick play operation; receiving the trick playvideo data processing command output by the video playback device duringtrick playback operation; and performing video data processing on thereceived subset of normal play video data, in response to the receivedtrick play video data processing command to compensate for theintentional omission of normal play video data by the video playbackdevice, from the received subset of normal play video data.
 24. Adigital video system for generating and displaying a digital video datastream, the digital video data stream including normal play video dataduring normal video playback operation and trick play video data duringtrick playback operation, the trick play video data including a subsetof the normal play video data, the digital video system comprising:meansfor reading video data from a data storage device; a video dataprocessing circuit for generating from data read from the data storagedevice the digital video data stream; a command generator circuit forgenerating a command during video trick playback device operationinstructing a receiver of the command to perform video processing on thetrick play video data to compensate for normal play video dataintentionally omitted from the subset of normal play video data; and atrick play data processing circuit coupled to the video data processingcircuit and the command generator circuit, for receiving the digitalvideo data stream and command, and for performing a video dataprocessing operation on the trick play video data, in response to thecommand, to compensate for the absence of normal play video dataintentionally omitted by the video playback device from the subset ofnormal play video data included in the trick play video data.